Fa 










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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
BULLETIN No. 410 

OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY 
Contribution from Office of Farm Management, W. J. Spillman, Chief 



Washington, D. C. 



PROFESSIONAL PAPER 



November 11, 1916 



VALUE TO FARM FAMILIES OF FOOD, 
FUEL, AND USE OF HOUSE 



By 



W. C. FUNK, Scientific Assistant 



Facts Brouglit Ont . . 
Sources of Data . . . 
Regions Studied . . . 
The Farmer's Income 
The Farmer's Living . 
Food 



CONTENTS 



Page 
1 
2 
3 
4 
4 
7 



Page 

Fuel 29 

Use of House on the Farm 31 

The Size of the House 32 

Household Labor 33 

Value of Board on the Farm 34 




WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1916 



0. of D. 
DEC C 1916 



UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 




JZ^%su 



BULLETIN No. 410 

\Sff' OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY ^ 



OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY 

Contribution from Office of Farm Management 

W. J. SpUIman, Chief 



Washington, D. C. 



PROFESSIONAL PAPER 




Si-rf'^^U-U 



November 11, 1916 



VALUE TO FARM FAMILIES OF FOOD, FUEL, AND 

USE OF HOUSE. 

By W. C.'FuNK, Sckntijic Assistant. 



CONTENTS. 



Facts brought out 1 

Sources of data 2 

Regions studied 3 

The farmer's income 4 

The farmer's living 4 

Food 7 



Page. 

Fuel 29 

Use of house on the farm 31 

The size of the house 32 

Household labor :;3 

Value of board on the farm 34 



The aim of this bulletin is to detemiine the value of those things 
which the farm furnishes to the farm family without money cost, 
namely, the use of a 
house, food, and fuel. 
To this end data were 
secured from nearly 
1,000 families, repre- 
senting widely sepa- 
rated sections in 14 
States. Figures were 
gathered covering the 
value of all food, fuel, 
and shelter, itemized 
to show what part 
was bought and what 
part was furnished by 
the farm. Data also were collected bearing on the value of house- 
hold labor on the farm. 

FACTS BROUGHT OUT. 

Following is a brief summary of the more significant averages 
estabhshed by this inquiry. The figures given are based on reports 
from 950 families, averaging 4.8 persons per family. 

53685°— Bull. 410—16 1 




Fig. 1. — Map of United States, showing locations of areas studied. 



*^^=^a 



2 BULLETIN 410, V. S, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTTJRE. 

Annual value of food, fuel, and use of house — ^ ^ *> ' 

, ., --,„ (Furnished by farm.. $424 (66 per cent). r^ q 

Average per family, $642|3^^gj^^ -^^ 218 (34 per cent). X ° 

Annual value of food — 

[Animal products. 58 per cent] 

.,,„ Groceries 25per cent From farm. . 58 per cent. 

Average per family, !:^48 . y^g^j^^les 11 per cent Bought 42 per cent. 

Fruits 6 per cent! 

Annual value of fuel — 

fWood (9.4 cords).. $36,301^, . 
., ^„„ L^ 1 /,, ^ . N ,^ „_ From farm.. 54 per cent. 

Averageperfamily,$62. Coal (2.6 tons).... 17.8o 46 ner cent 

[oil(55gaUone)... 6.33]^''''"^* 46 per cent. 

Annital value of use of house — 
Average per family, $132. 
Annual value of housework — 

.• -1 ^ooofFiiniished by family.. $217 (95 per cent). 
Average per lamily, $228]^^.^^ [ ^ ^ ^^ p^^^ ^^^^^ 

It was found that the average annual value of meats (other than 
poultry) consumed per family was $107.25; of poultry products, 
$55.40; and of dairy products, $98.36. (The quantity of dairy prod- 
ucts consumed was equivalent to 2,640 quarts of milk.) 

Meats constitute the most important group of foods. As it 
increases relative to the other groups the total value of food con- 
sumed per family increases. Those families having a relatively 
greater consumption of either groceries, vegetables, or dairy products 
use relatively less meats, and their total consumption of food is less 
in value. 

Families living on their own farms reported higher consumption of 
food and a larger proportion of food derived directly from the farm 
than did those living on rented farms. 

The av^erage quantity of fruit canned annually per family was 122 
quarts; of vegetables, 32 quarts. 

The cost of board (as of hired hands) in food, fuel, and housework 
was shown to be SI 29 per year. Thirty-one per cent of this repre- 
sents cash outlay. 

SOURCES OF DATA. 

The data presented in this bulletin were collected during the 
siunmers of 1913 and 1914. The results of the 1913 study have been 
published m Farmers' Bulletin 635, What the Farm Contributes 
Directly to the Farmer's Living. In that study records were taken 
from 483 farm families distributed over 10 areas in as many States. 
Four additional areas were visited durmg the summer of 1914. A 
gi-eater number of families per area were visited in this study than in 
that of 1913, thus permitting more detailed analysis of the data. The 
data from all areas are included in the tables only where the number 
of records were sufficient to do justice to the study. 



VALUE OF FOOD, FUEL, AND USE OF HOUSE. 3 

A study of this kind is merely indicative in nature; no two families 
are alike in their tastes or financial ability to purchase what is most 
desired. Weather and ^ other conditions limit the quantity and 
quahty of products furnished by the farm for family use. The 
average of a large number of families is thus the best measure of the 
consumption per person or per family of food and fuel and the pro- 
portion of these fiu"nished by the farm. 

The data were obtained by the survey method, the enumerators 
being experienced men trained in that particular line of work. Few 
families keep an account of expenditures for household purposes or a 
record of products taken from the farm for house use; but careful 
questioning enables the enumerator to secure fairly accurate data. 

REGIONS STUDIED. 

Data were collected in 1 different are as in the year 1913. The three 
cotton-growing areas \dsited were in Gaston County, X. C. : Troup 
and Meriwether Counties; Ga.; and McLennan County, Tex. The 
types of agriculture in the North Carolina and Georgia areas were 
fairly similar, cotton and corn being the main crops. In the Texas 
area, however, a definite rotation of com, oats, and cotton is fol- 
lowed. Farming is here done more extensively. The annual rain- 
fall is considerably less than in the other two cotton-growing areas 
visited. Cloud County and Montgomery County, both important 
com-gi'owing districts, were selected for the work in the States of 
Kansas and Iowa, respectively. The chief crops gro%vn in the 
Kansas area are corn, wheat, and alfalfa, though some farmers raise 
only corn and alfalfa. A series of dry years has discouraged the 
growing of all but a few vegetables. In the Iowa area the agriculture 
is more diversified, considerable oats and wheat being grown. Hog 
raising is an important industry in both these sections. The Jefferson 
County, Wis., area is wholly a dairy section. The money crops 
raised are oats and barley. Considerable pm-e-bred Holstein and 
Guernsey live stock is raised here. General farming is the prevailing 
type in Champaign County, Ohio, and in Bucks County, Pa. Com, 
oats, wheat, and hay are the principal crops, with small dairies on 
many of the farms. In Otsego County, N. Y., and Lamoille County, 
Vt., dairying is the chief enterprise. The growing seasons here are 
appreciably shorter than in any of the other areas. 

In 1914 more specialized sections m New Jersey, Maine, North 
Dakota, and California were visited. The New Jersey area in 
Gloucester County was distinctly market gardening or trucking. 
Much of the produce was hauled by the farmer to Philadelphia, a 
distance of about 10 miles, affording a good opportimity to buy house- 
hold supplies. Vegetables and fruits were raised in great variety. 



4 BULLETIN 410, U. S. DEPAETMENt OF AGRICULTURE. 

The Maine areas in Androscoggin and Oxford Counties were dairy 
and fruit regions. Apples and dairy products were the important 
farm sales. Considerable sweet com was also grown for canning 
purposes. In North Dakota, Cass County was visited. Grain grow- 
ing is the chief industry there. The farms are large and the distance 
to market relatively great. Practically no fruit is raised, and the 
variety of vegetables grown for home use is small. The region 
studied in Santa Clara County, Cal., is an irrigated fruit area. The 
farms are small and most of the area is devoted to fruit. The most 
generally grown fruits are prunes, apricots, and peaches. On many 
of the small farms all the land is devoted to fruit trees, no land being 
set aside even for the family garden. A garden to be successful has 
to be irrigated at frequent intervals, which is not always convenient 
with their present equipment, since the orchards are generally irrigated 
only once or twice a year. 

THE FARMER'S INCOME. 

The income received by the average farmer is not great. Studies 
which have been carried on in different States would indicate that 
the average labor income ^ of farmers falls considerably below $600 
a year.^ It must be remembered, however, that the average Ameri- 
can farmer who is operating his owti farm has nearly $5,000 ^ of his 
own money invested in his farm business. In addition to his labor 
income he has the interest on this capital, while a large proportion 
of his needs are met directly by the farm. 

THE FARMER'S LIVING. 

In this discussion only those items of the farmer's living expenses 
have been included which may be wholly or partly furnished by the 
farm. An attempt is here made to determine the income the average 
farmer derives from this source. Upon the size of this direct income 
depends, to a largo extent, the amount of cash the farmer has for 
clothing, recreation, education, incidental expenses, and saving. 

The total average value of the three items of food, fuel, and use of 
house for the 950 farm families studied in this investigation (Table I) 
is $642, and 66 per cent, or $424, of this is furnished by the farm. 
The area in which the value of these items was the greatest was in 
Cass County, N, Dak., where the total was $948 per family, 61 per 
cent of which was furnished by the farm. The average family in 

1 Labor income: The amount that the farm operator has left for his labor after the farm expenses and 

5 per cent interest on the average capital invested are deducted from the farm receipts. It represents what 
he earned as a result of his year's labor after the earnings of his capital have been deducted. It does not 
include the value of the use of the house or the fuel and food products furnished directlj- by the farm for 
family use. 

- U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Industry Circulars 75 and 132, Bulletins 41 and 117. 
N. y. Cornell Bui. 295. Mo. A'TJ. Exp. Sta. Bui. 121. 
3 U. S. Census, 1910, Equity per farm. 



VALUE OF FOOD, FUEL, AND USE OF HOUSE. 5 

this region was large, being 6.2 persons.^ In Gaston County, N. C, 
the total was only $504, 85 per cent of which was furnished by the 
faiTQ. The average number of persons to a family here was only 4.5. 
Table I gives these values for all areas visited, \vith the number of 
families visited in each section and the average acreage of the farms 
operated by these families. 

Table I. — Average annual value qf/ood,fufJ,o- andtise of a divelling/or 9 50 farm families. 



Location of regions in which study was 
made (county and State). 



Number 

of 
families. 



Persons 

per 
family. 



Average per farm. 



Acreage. 



Food, 
fuel, and 

shelter 
furnished 

by the 

farm. 



Food and 

fuel 
bought. 



Total. 



Oxford, Me 

Lamoille, Vt 

Otsego, N.Y 

Bucks, Pa 

Gloucester, N. J... 

Gaston, N. C 

Troup, Ga 

McLennan, Tex... 
Champaign, Ohio. 

Jefferson, Wis 

Montgomery, Iowa 

Cloud, Kans 

Cass, N. Dak 

Santa Clara, Cal... 

All families.. 



148 
49 
55 
43 

126 
55 
50 
44 
44 
40 
51 
46 

109 
84 



4.5 
4.8 
4.0 
5.2 
4.7 
4.5 
5.4 
5.3 
4.1 
4.2 
4.4 
4.5 
6.2 
4.9 



112 

130 

118 

77 

69 

86 

102 

133 

175 

86 

161 

152 

453 

45 



S355 
349 
431 
383 
445 
428 
520 
363 
451 
375 
485 
426 
578 
341 



177 
210 
225 
345 
76 
110 
254 
156 
173 
183 
178 
370 
357 



$599 
5:6 
641 
608 
790 
504 
6:30 
617 
607 
548 
668 
604 
948 
698 



950 



424 



642 



a Fuel includes oil used for both cooking and lighting. 

Wherever the income upon which any family depends fails to 
maintain a fair standard of living, the elements of subsistence which 
are the last to be sacrificed are those which are most vital to health and 
happiness — food, fuel, and shelter. For the farm families visited the 
farm supplied nearly two-thirds of these items, and, if necessity 
demanded, the proportion could be made considerably greater. 

Table II shows the value of the food, fuel, and house rent furnished 
by the farm. The average value of these items per family is S423.58, 
or $89.71 per person. Sixty-two per cent of this is food, 7 per cent 
fuel, and 31 per cent house rent. 

a In comparing the families on the different farms it will be found that they differ in number and age of 
persons. They must be reduced to a common basis to be comparable. Students of dietetics reduce all 
members of the family to the requirements of one adult man, assuming women and children of different 
ages to have certain definite relative capacity of consumption. In this study only two divisions were made — 
children of 12 years of age and under were counted as one-half an adult, and all persons over 12 years of age 
as adults. Farm labor and domestic help when boarded were counted as members of the family. In the 
discussion throughout the whole bulletin, wherever reference is made to size of family, it is in terms of 
adult equivalent. 



6 BULLETIN 410, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

Table II. — Average annual value of food, fuel, and use of a dwelling furnished hy the 

home farm {9 bO families). 



Location of regions in which 


Food. 


Fuel. 


House rent. 


Total. 


study was made (county 
and State). 


Per 

family. 


Per 

person. 


Per 

family. 


Per 
person. 


Per 
family. 


Per 
person. 


Per 
family. 


Per 
person. 


Oxford, Me 


S200.20 

192. 43 
189. 60 
201. 69 
266. 16 
330. 65 
376.03 
275.62 
248. 28 

209. 44 
297. 28 
292.48 
384.58 
175.62 


$44. 49 
40.10 
47.40 
38.80 
56.63 
73.47 
69.65 
52.00 
60.57 
47.60 
70.80 
65.00 
62.03 
35.84 


$43. 42 
63.40 
53.80 
17.91 
15.04 
41.87 
51.60 
4.13 
30.50 
35.80 
30.20 
17.97 
18.04 
16.51 


$9.65 
13.21 
13.45 
3.44 
3.20 
9.30 
9.56 
.78 
7.44 
8.14 
7.20 
4.00 
2.91 
3.37 


$111.00 
93.00 
188. 00 
163.00 
164.00 
56.00 
92.00 
83.00 
172.00 
130.00 
158.00 
116.00 
175.00 
149.00 


§24.63 
19.38 
47.00 
31.34 
34.84 
12.45 
17.04 
15.66 
42. 00 
29.54 
37.62 
25.80 
28.21 
30.40 


$354. 62 
348.83 
431.40 
382. 60 
445. 20 
428. 52 
519. 63 
362. 75 
450. 78 
375. 24 
485.48 
426. 45 
577.62 
341.13 


$78. 77 


Lamoille, Vt 


72.69 


Otsego, N. Y 


107.85 


Bucks, Pa 


<3.58 


Gloucester, N.J 


94.67 


Gaston, N. C 


95.22 


Troup, Ga 


96.25 


McLennan, Tex 


68.44 


Champaign, Ohio 

Jefferson, Wis 


110.01 
85.28 


Montgomery, Iowa 


115.62 




94.80 


Cass, N. Dak 


93.15 


Santa Clara, Cal 


69. 61 






Average, all families 


260.00 


54.60 


3L44 


6.83 


132.00 


28.28 


423.58 


89.71 



The distribution of tho products bought is indicated in Table III. 
Food constitutes 86 per cent of the total and fuel 14 per cent. The 
item fuel includes coal, wood, and oil, oil Ixnng used for both fuel 
and lighting purposes. The big item of the products bought is food. 
The fact that the quantity bought per person varies from $16 to $66 
in the diff(^rent areas would seem to indicate that a material saving 
could be made in this group of products bought. In the New Jersey 
area, where the average value of food bought per person is relatively 
high, this quantity varies from S24 to $120 in a group of families of 
the same size, showing that a material saving could be made should 
necessity demand it. The fuel bought is not such a variable quan- 
tity within the same area. 

Table III. — Average annual value of the food and fuel bought {950 families). 





Food. 


Coal. 


Wood. 


Oil. 


Total. 


County and State. 


Per 
family. 


Per 

person. 


Per 

family. 


Per 
person. 


Per 
family. 


Per 

person. 


Per 
family. 


Per 

person. 


Per 

family. 


Per 
person. 


Oxford, Me 


$226. 76 
169. 17 
186. 71 
190.32 
299.06 
71.28 
104. 42 
213.47 
124.98 
143. 25 
146.43 
157.41 
279.00 
322. 08 


$50.39 
35.24 
46.68 
36.60 
63.63 
15.85 
19.32 
40.30 
30.50 
32.56 
34.87 
34.97 
45.00 
65.73 


$6.39 
1.01 
16.00 
26.90 
30.69 


$L42 

.21 

4.00 

5.17 

6.53 


$2.98 
2.00 
1.00 
L09 
5.87 
L71 


$0.66 
.42 
.25 
.21 
L25 
.38 


$7.65 
4.61 
5.79 
6.37 
9.31 
3.10 
5.18 
7.58 
4.88 
5.78 
6.92 
7.21 
7.94 
6.32 


$1.70 
.96 
1.45 
1.21 
1.98 
.69 
.96 
1.43 
1.19 
1.31 
1.65 
1.60 
L28 
1.29 


$243. 78 
176. 79 
209.50 
224. 68 
344. 93 
76.09 
109. 60 
2.53. 57 
155.56 
172. 73 
182. 92 
177.65 
369.65 
357.31 


$54. 17 


Lamoille, Vt 

Otsego, N. y 

Bucks, Pa 


36.83 
52.38 
43.19 


Gloucester, N. J 

Gaston, N. C 


73.39 
16.92 


Troup Ga 






20.28 


McLennan, Tex 

Champaign, Ohio . . . 

Jefferson, Wis 

Montgomery, Iowa. . 

Cloud, Kans 

Cass, N. Dak 

Santa Clara, Cal 


17.35 
23.70 
20.70 
29.57 
12.70 
62.00 
2.84 


3.27 
5.78 
4. VO 
7.04 
2.82 
10.00 
.58 


15.17 
2.00 
3.00 


2.86 
.49 
.68 


47.86 
37.96 
39.25 
43.56 


.33 
20.71 
26.07 


.07 
3.34 
5.32 


39.46 
59.62 
72.92 


Average, all 
families 


188.17 


39.40 


17.85 


3.68 


5.85 


1.14 


6.33 


1.34 


218.20 


4.5.56 



VALUE OF FOOD, FUEL, AND USE OF HOUSE. 7 

FOOD. 

Of the items furnished by the farm included in Table I, food con- 
stitutes 62 per cent, and of the items bought it constitutes 86 per 
cent. It is, therefore, the most important item in this discussion, 
and considerable space is devoted to it. 

Table IV shows the value of food consimied per family and per 
person and the amomit bought and furnished by the farm. The aver- 
age value of the food used per family was S447.92, and S94 per person, 
41.6 per cent of which was bought and 58.4 furnished by the farm. It 
is interesting to note that the percentage furnished by the farm varies 
in different sections from 35 per cent to 82 per cent. The California 
area was low with 35 per cent, but we find that individual families 



VALUE J, 00 



Maine: 

VERMONT 

NEW YORK 

PENNSYLVANIA 

NEW JERSEY 

NORTH CAROLINA 

GEORGIA 

TEXAS 

OHIO 

WISCONSIN 

IOWA 

KAN5A5 

NORTH DAKOTA 

CALIFORNIA 




B PRODUCTS BOUGHT C3 PRODUCTS FUKNlbMto 6T TMt FARM 

Fig. 2. — Average annual value of food used per family, showing relative amounts bought and furnished 

by the farm. 

within this one area vary from 10 to 65 per cent, showmg that some 
families could probably depend more on the farm for family table 
supplies, but also that the average for families with the highest per 
cent furnished is less than the average for all families in some other 
sections, and that apparently it is more profitable m this region to 
buy certain farm products than to raise them. Figure 2 shows graph- 
ically the average annual value of food used per family. 

In arriving at the value of the food furnished by the farm average 
farm prices were taken. The farmer's estimate as to what the product 
would sell for on the farm when in season was checked with the local 
grocers' estimate, and in this manner fair average values were charged 
for the fruits, vegetables, and other farm products used in the house. 



8 BULLETIN 410, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

Table IV. — Average annual value of the food of 950 farm families. 



County and State. 



Number 
of fami- 
lies. 



Food consumed per family. 



Bought. 



Furnished 
by farm. 



Total. 



Per cent of food 
consumed. 



Bought. 



Furnished 
by farm. 



Total 
consump- 
tion per 
person. 



Oxford, Me 

Lamoille, Vt 

Otsego, N.Y 

Bucks, Pa 

Gloucester N. J. .. 

Gaston, N.C 

Troup, Ga 

McLennan, Tex . . . 
Champaign, Ohio.. 

JeSerson, Wis 

Montgomery, Iowa 

Cloud, Kans 

Cass, N. Dak 

Santa Clara, Cal . . . 

All families.. 



148 
49 
55 
43 

126 
55 
50 
44 
44 
51 
46 
46 

109 
84 



$198. 55 
169. 17 
186. 71 
190. 32 
297.41 
71.28 
104. 43 
213.47 
124.98 
143. 25 
146.43 
157.41 
279. 28 
323.51 



186. 16 



?224. 87 
192. 43 
189. 60 
201. 69 
204. 94 
330. 65 
376. 03 
275. 62 
2!8.28 
209.44 
297.28 
292. 48 
384.95 
176. 40 



$423. 42 
361.60 
376. 31 
392. 01 
562. 35 
401. 93 
480. 46 
489.09 
373. 26 
352. 69 
443. 71 
449. 89 
664.23 
499. 91 



53.2 
46.8 
49.6 
48.6 
52.9 
17.7 
21.7 
43.6 
33.5 
40.6 
33.0 
35.0 
42.0 
64.7 



46.8 
53.2 
.50.4 
51.4 
47.1 
82.3 
78.3 
56.4 
66.5 
59.4 
67.0 
65.0 
58.0 
3.5.3 



261.76 



447.92 



41.6 



58.4 



$94.88 
75.34 
94.08 
75.40 

120. 26 
89.32 
88.97 
92. .30 
91.07 
80.16 

105. 67 
99.97 

107. 03 

101. 57 



94.00 



CLASSES OF FOOD. 



The different items of food used fall naturally into certain groups. 
In order to facilitate the discussion, the different articles of food 
have been divided into four classes, namely, groceries, animal products, 
fruits, and vegetables. 

Groceries do not include all articles bought, but only those most 
generally bought, such as coffee, flour, sugar, bread, sirups, soda, etc. 
In this class are also included lemons, oranges, bananas, and raisms. 
The farmer naturally associates these with grocery items, and on 
most farms they really do not take the place of other fruits. 

^Vnimal products include all meats, eggs, butter, milk, cream, lard, 
cheese, and honey. 

Fruits include all fruits, fresh, dried, and canned, except those 
Usted under groceries. 

Vegetables include aU vegetables, fresh, dried, and canned. 

Table V shows the relative importance of the different classes of 
'foods for the different areas, animal products being easily the most 
important in value with 57.8 per cent of the total, followed by gro- 
ceries with 24.8 per cent, vegetables 11 per cent, and fruits 6.4 per 
cent. 

The last three classes may be termed the farm products group. 
They include those items of food which are distinctly farm products. 
They constitute approximately 75 per cent of the total value of the 
food consimaed. Instead of 75 per cent of the food consumed being 
furnished by the farm, however, we find only 58 per cent of it is 
furnished (sec Table IV), showing that nearly one-fourth of the farm 
products consumed by farm families are bought rather than taken 
from the home farm. It is not intended to imply by this statement 
that all should be raised. The most important articles bought in 
this group are meat and butter. The meat bill could, no doubt, be 



VALUE OF FOOD, FUEL, AND USE OF HOUSE. 



reduced with proper household management; but butter making on 
the farm can not wisely be encouraged when the milk and cream 
may be sold. Where only a few cows are kept for the family supply 
of milk and butter, butter making on the farm may not be out of 
place, for it is easier to market a few pounds of butter every week 
than a few quarts of milk every day. 

Table V. — Distrihution of value of food used annually {950 families). 



County and State. 



Per cent of total value of food in each class. 



Grocer- 
ies. 



Animal 
products. 



Vegeta- 
bles. 



Oxford, Me 

Lamoille, Vt 

Otsego, N.Y 

Bufks, Pa 

Gloucester, N. J 

Gaston,N.C 

Troup, Ga 

McLennan, Tex 

Champaign, Ohio 

Jefferson, Wis 

Montgomery, Iowa 

Cloud, Kans 

Cass, N. Dak 

Santa Clara, Cal 

Average, all families 



25.9 
31.0 
27.7 
27.1 
24.9 
21.0 
21.1 
24.2 
25.5 
26.0 
22.0 
22.9 
22.3 
25.2 



56.9 
52.7 
55. 5 
56.4 
57.3 
5.5.0 
56.6 
60.6 
60.7 
56.0 
61.0 
58.8 
63.6 
58.6 



6.0 
6.5 
5.0 
8.7 
5.1 
3.7 
6.3 
8.0 
6.0 
7.0 
6.6 
7.9 



in.o 

10.5 
in. 8 
10. 
12.8 
15.3 
17.2 
11.5 
7.5 
10.0 
11.0 
11.3 
7.5 
8.3 



24.8 



57.8 



6.4 



11.0 



GROCERIES. 



This class of foods constitutes about 25 per cent of the total food 
used. The most important items of food in this group, in quantities 
consumed, are sugar and flour. The quantity of sugar and flour 
bought depends upon the individual tastes of the famihes. Those 
doing much canning naturally use the most sugar. In some sections 
bread is bought and thus less floiu" consumed. In some sections 
sugar is bought by the doUar or half dollar's worth, in others in 5 and 10 
pound lots, and in still others it is common practice to buy in 25 or 
100 pound bags. Trading is most generally done in small quantities. 
Occasionally a family will buy certain of its grocery items from mail- 
order houses. 

The practice of trading farm products for groceries is becoming 
less prevalent. The common products used for trading are butter 
and eggs. Less butter is being made on the farm than heretofore, 
and eggs often find a better market than the grocery, so that it is a 
very common occiurence in many communities for farmers to pay 
cash for all their groceries. 

In some communities it is still common practice with farmers to 
take com and wheat to the mill to be ground into meal and flour for 
family use. In some southern sections this is still the usual procedure, 
and undoubtedly is to the financial advantage of the farmer. It 
seems, however, to be gradually losing favor. 
53685°— Bull 410—16 2 



10 



BULLETIN 410, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGEICULTURE. 



It is interesting to note here the average distance the farmer has 
to go to buy his groceries. The average distance to town for the 
farmers visited in New Jersey was 1.9 miles; in Maine. 2.4 miles; in 
North Dakota, 4.5 miles; and in California. 3 miles 



ANIMAL PRODUCTS. 



This group of food items constitutes 57.8 per cent of the total 
value of food consumed by the families visited. In none of the 
sections visited does this group furnish less than 50 per cent of the 
total food used, and in the North Dakota area it amounted to 63.6 
per cent of the total. There is a variation of less than 10 per cent 
in the different areas for this group, indicating that this class of food 
is the most nearly indispensable. It is interesting to note, however, 
that the percentage furnished by the farm for this group varies from 
46.1 to 97.3 per cent, the average for all sections being 76.6, as is 
shown in Table VI. The farm unquestionably should furnish the 
major part of the food products for this group. 

Table VI. — Proportion of value of groceries, animal products, fruits, and vegetables 
bought and furnished by farm (950 families). 



Location of regions in which 
study was made (county 
and State). 



Groceries. 



Bought. 



Fur- 
nished 
by 
farm. 



Animal products. 



Bought. 



Fur- 
nished 

by 
farm. 



Fruits. 



Bought. 



Fur- 
nished 

by 
farm. 



Vegetables, 



Bought. 



Fur- 
nished 

by 
farm. 



Oxford, Me 

Lamoille, Vt 

Otsego, N. Y 

Bucks, Fa 

Gloucester, N. J 

Gaston,N.C 

Troup, Ga 

McLennan, Tex 

Champaign, Ohio 

Jefferson, Wis 

Montgomery, Iowa 

Cloud, Kans 

Cass, N. Dak 

Santa Clara, Cal 

Average, all families . . 



Per cent. 

100.0 
92.8 
96.0 
97.8 

100.0 
76.0 
89.7 
9S.7 
97.0 
98.7 
98.4 
99.2 

100.0 
9G. 1 



Per cent. 



Per 



7.2 
4.0 
2.2 



24.0 
10.3 
1.3 
3.0 
1.3 
1.6 



cent. 
42.2 
27.6 
36.6 
33.2 
44.6 

2.7 

5.7 
14.2 

8.4 
21.2 

4.3 
10.9 
21.8 
53.9 



Per cent. 
57.8 
72.4 
63.4 
66.8 
55.4 
97.3 
94.3 
85.8 
91.6 
78.8 
95.7 
89.1 
78.2 
46.1 



Per cent. 
22. A 
23.6 
25.1 
25.2 
35,4 
2.0 
10.9 
98.9 
38.2 
26.8 
44.5 
38.6 
84.2 
38.2 



Per cent. 
77.6 
76.4 
74.9 
74.8 
64. G 
98.0 
89.1 
1.1 
61.8 
73.2 
55. 5 
61.4 
15.8 
61.8 



Per cent. 
15.7 
16.3 
12.3 
15.4 
5.3 
3.9 
1.0 
66.1 
16.2 
6.3 
27.0 
27.6 
4.5 
70.9 



Per cent. 
81.3 
83.7 
87.7 
84.6 
91.7 
95.1 
99.0 
33.9 
&3.8 
93.7 
73.0 
12. A 
95.5 
29.1 



95.7 



23.4 



76.6 



36.7 



a3.3 



20.6 



79.4 



In Table VII this group is divided into three divisions, namely, 
meat products, dairy products, and poultry products, giving the 
average value of the amount consumed annually per person and 
per family. The table shows that the dairy products used, which 
include cream, milk, butter, and cheese, run slightly less in value 
than the meat products, which include beef, pork, mutton, lard, 
and fish. Tlie poultry products consumed amount to about one- 
half as much as either of the other two groups. Practically none 
of the poultry products is bought and only 14 per cent of the dairy 
products; but one-third of the meat consumed is bought. 



VALUE OF FOOD, FUEL, AND USE OF HOUSE. 



11 



Table VII. — Average annual value of meat product^, voultry products; and dairy products 

consumed (950 families). 



County and State. 



Meat products. 



Per 
person. 



Per 
family. 



Dairy products. 



Per 
person. 



Per 
family. 



Poultry products. 



Per 
person. 



Per 
family. 



Oxford, Me 

Lamoille, Vt 

Otsego, N. Y 

Bucks, Pa 

Gloucester, N. J 

Gaston, N. C 

Troup, Ga 

McLennan, Tex 

Champaign, Ohio 

JeSerson, Wis 

Montgomery, Iowa 

Cloud. Kans 

Cass, N. Dak 

Santa Clara, Cal 

Average, all families 



$22. 94 
11.88 
18.38 
23.61 
40.32 
14.85 
17.27 
21.61 
20.79 
18.68 
21.87 
21.00 
27.76 
29.83 



$103.23 
67.02 
73.52 
122. 77 
197. 57 
66.82 
93.26 
114.53 
85.25 
78.46 
96.23 
94.50 
172. 11 
146. 17 



$21. 50 
21.18 
20.18 
11.37 
16.29 
25.30 
23.28 
23.83 
20.98 
15.05 
24.13 
22. 83 
24.75 
16.63 



$96.75 

101. 66 

80.72 

59.12 

79.82 

113.85 

125. 71 

126.30 

86.02 

63.21 

106. 17 

102. 74 

153. 45 

81.49 



22.20 



107. 25 



20.52 



98.36 



$9.24 
6.39 

13.33 
7.64 

12.20 
8.37 
9.44 

10. 37 

14.95 

10. 55 

17. 56 
14.34 
15.53 
12.90 



1L63 



$41.58 
30.67 
53.32 
39.73 
59.78 
37.66 
50.98 
54.96 
61.30 
44.31 
77.26 
64.53 
96.29 
63.21 



55.40 



Table VIII shows the relative value of beef, pork, and poultry 
furnished by the farm and the proportion of all meats bought and 



PRODUCTS 



DAIRY 



VALUE 



MAINE. 

VERMONT 

NEW YORK 

PENNSYLVANIA 

NEW JERSEY 

NORTH CAROUNA 

GEORGIA 

TEXAS 

OHIO 

WISCONSIN 

IOWA 

KANSAS 

NORTH DAKOTA 

CALIFORNIA 




30 



POULTRY 



10 20 30 



T— 1 









PRODUCTS BOUGHT 



PRODUCTS fURNl&HEO 



Fig. 3. — Value of average annual consumption per person of meat products, dairy products, and poultry 
products, showing relative amounts bought and furnished by the farm. 

furnished by the farm. It will be noted that of the meat furnished 
by the faiTn, pork is easily the most important, constituting 60.8 
per cent of the total, poultry being next with 29.2 per cent, and beef 
being 10 per cent. Tlie relative quantity of pork used is highest in 



12 



BULLETIN 410, U. S, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



the South and lowest in the North. The farmers in the South also 
get more of their meat directly from the farm than those of the North. 
Poultry is included m Table VIII as a meat, but in Table VII it is 
included under poultry products. Of the meat that is bought, two- 
thirds is beef and the rest is pork and fish. 

Table VIII. — Relative value of different kinds of meats furnished by farm and proportion 
of meats furnished by farm and bought (950 families). 



Location of regions in which stuily was made 
(county and State). 



Per cent of value of meats 
furnished bv farm. 



Pork. 



Beef. 



Poultry. 



Per cent of value 
of all meats. 



Bouffht. 



Fur- 
nished by 
farm. 



Oxford, Me 

Lamoille, Vt 

Otsego, N.Y 

Bucks, Pa 

Gloucester, N. J 

Gaston, N.C 

Troup, Ga 

McLennan, Tex 

Champaign, Ohio 

Jefferson, Wis 

Montgomery, Iowa 

Cloud, Kans 

Case, N. Dak 

Santa Clara, Cal 

Average, all farms 



50.6 
61.9 
47.5 
63.9 
69.4 
81.4 
71.9 
75.6 
69.1 
70.0 
59.4 
50.8 
56.6 
33.9 



11.1 
21.1 
17.9 
18.8 
5.0 
1.2 
6.4 



5.4 
8.7 
11.4 
17.1 
13.3 
3.1 



38.3 
27.0 
34.6 
17.3 
25.6 
17.4 
22.7 
24.4 
25.5 
21.3 
29.2 
32.1 
30.1 
63.0 



35.1 
33.8 
43.6 
40.2 
41.2 
6.3 
9.2 
21.6 
13.7 
20.9 
15.7 
15.1 
37.1 
24.0 



64.9 
66.2 
56.4 
59.8 
58.8 
93.7 
90.8 
75.4 
86.3 
79.1 
84.3 
84.9 
62.9 
76.0 



60.8 



10.0 



29.2 



25.8 



74.2 



DAIRY PRODUCT.S. 



The dairy products group, including cream, milk, butter, and 
cheese, amounts to S98 as an average annual consumption per family 
for all families visited. As stated before, 14 per cent of these products 
are bought and 86 per cent are furnished by the farm. Considerable 
butter is bought, but very little milk and cream. 

Table IX shows the quantity of dairy products consumed, expressed 
in terms of quarts of milk. It is assumed that on the average 8 
quarts of milk make 1 quart of cream and 10 quarts of milk make 
1 pound of butter. Reducing the items to quarts of milk, it will be 
seen that the average annual consumption per person for all families 
visited is 550 quarts. The consumption per person varied in different 
areas from 434 to 746 quarts. More cream and butter were used 
in those areas where butter was made on the farm. The farm supplied 
473 of the 550 quarts. The average number of persons per family 
for the families visited is 4.8, making the average number of quarts 
of milk furnished by the farm for home consumption 2,270 per year. 
In the southern areas it is assumed that the milk churned for home 
consumption of butter will furnish enough buttermilk for the family, 
and thus the equivalent of milk for the butter will cover that for 
buttermilk. 



VALUE OF FOOD_, FUEL, AND USE OF HOUSE. 



13 



Table IX. — Dairy products consumed per person in equivalent quarts of whole milk 

(950 families). 

[Data assume 8 quarts of miJk make 1 quart of cream and 10 quarts of milk make 1 pound of butter.] 



County and State. 



Cream. 



Milk. 



Butter. 



Total con- 
sumed 



Total 
bought. 



Total fur- 
nished 
by farm. 



Oxford, Me 

Lamoille, Vt 

Otsego, N.Y 

Bucks, Pa 

Gloucester, N. J 

Gaston, N.C 

Troup, Ga 

McLeiman, Tex 

Champaign, Ohio . . 

Jefferson, Wis 

Montgomery, Iowa. 

Cloud. Kans 

Cass, N. Dak 

Santa Clara, Cal 



Average, all farms. 



123 
178 
11 



17 
40 
136 



126 
188 
204 
130 
184 
133 
30 
43 
258 
152 
252 
251 
212 
210 



299 
294 
377 
201 
245 
400 
520 
442 
298 
310 
370 
350 
398 
228 



170 



338 



548 
600 
592 
331 
434 
539 
550 
485 
(J28 
4(i2 
639 
641 
746 
438 



142 

153 

241 

97 

92 

4 



1 

21 
132 
7 
21 
39 
119 



77 



406 
507 
351 
234 
342 
535 
550 
484 
607 
330 
632 
620 
707 
319 



Tile valuo of fruit consumed constitutes 6,4 per cent of the total. 
Sixty-three per cent of this is furnished by the farm. Fruits include 
a class of food products which can be raised much more cheaply than 
bought. In the North Dakota area, for instance, only one-sixth of 
the fruit used is raised on the farm, and yet the value of the fruit 
consumed in this area is relatively as great as in the other sections, 
owing to the higher price paid per unit quantity of fruit. 



VEGETABLES. 



Table V shows that 1 1 per cent of the value of the food consumed 
represents vegetables, 79,4 per cent of which are furnished by the 
farm. That the farmer can easily raise most of his vegetables is 
shown by the fact that he raises a greater proportion of this group 
than of any other group. In raising his own vegetables he eliminates 
the cost of transportation and the commission of the middleman, 
which are included m the prices he pays for purchased vegetables. 
In five of the areas visited over 90 per cent of the vegetables used 
are supplied by the farm, in the Georgia area only 1 per cent being 
bought. In some sections certam vegetables will not thrive, owing 
to peculiar soil or climatic conditions. This accounts for some of 
the vegetables bought. 

EFFECT OF DIFFERENT DIETARY SYSTEMS ON FOOD COST. 

There is a considerable variation in the cost of food for families of 
the same size. This difference may be due either to the fact that 
the members of the family are larger consumers or that they con- 
sume more of the higher-priced foods. In this connection, it is 
interestmg to note the effect that the high or low consumption of 
one class of food products has on the quantity of other food con- 
sumed and on the total consumption and also on the relative value 
of food bought and furnished by the farm. 



14 



BULLETIN ilO, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 



In Table X the families have been divided according to the relative 
value of meat consumed. In both areas studied the relative value 
of groceries, fruits, vegetables, and dairy products decreases as the 
value of meat increases. The value of the total consumption of food 
increases with the increase of the consumption of meat, the size of 
family remaming nearl}^ constant. The high meat-consuming fami- 
lies also buy much more of their food, which is due to the fact that 
they buy much more of their meat and use less groceries, which class 
includes the non-farm-furnished foods. 



Table X.- 



-Relation of the relative quantity of meat consumed to that of other classes of 
food and the total consumption of food. 



NEW JERSEY. 





Num- 
ber of 
lami- 
lies. 


Aver- 
age 
size 

family. 


Average percentage of total coasumption. 


Total 


Meat, per cent 
01 total. 


Gro- 
ceries. 


Fruits. 


Vege- 
tables. 


Meat 
prod- 
ucts. 


Poultry 
prod- 
ucts. 


Dairy 
prod- 
ucts. 


Fur- 
nished 

bv 
farm. 


Bought. 


sump- 
tion 
per 

person. 


25 and less 

26 to 35 

36 and over. . . 


31 
54 
41 


4.4 
4.7 
4.9 


28.5 
25.7 
21.9 


6.7 
5.2 
4.1 


15.1 
13.1 
11.0 


20.7 
31.0 
43.6 


12.8 
10.4 
8.5 


16.2 
14. 5 

10. s 


53 
4S 
42 


47 
52 

58 


$99.63 
127.30 
125.30 



MAINE. 



20 and less. . . 

21 to 29 

30 and over. . 



60 


4.6 


27.7 


8.5 


11.2 


16.9 


10.7 


25.0 


52 


48 


.59 


4.5 


25.9 


7.1 


9.5 


24.8 


9.4 


23.3 


46 


54 


29 


4.0 


23.1 


5.1 


8.5 


36.5 


8.7 


18.1 


37 


63 



$86.39 
97.42 
108.97 



The families have been divided into three classes, according to the 
value of vegetables consumed, as sho^^^l in Table XI. The value of 
meat and dairy products tends to decrease as the value of vegetables 
consumed increases, indicating that vegetables tend to replace some 
meat and dairy products in the farmer's diet. The value of the total 
consumption and the relative value of food bought decrease as the 
value of vegetables used mcreases. 

Table XI. — Relation of the relative quantity of vegetables consumed to that of other classes 
of food and the total consumption of food. 

NEW JERSEY. 





Num- 
ber of 
fami- 
lies. 


Aver- 
age 
size 

family. 


Average percentage of total consumption. 


Total 


Vegetables, 

per cent of 

total. 


Gro- 
ceries. 


Fruits. 


Veee- 
tables. 


Meat 
prod- 
ucts. 


Poultry 
prod- 
ucts. 


Dairy 
prod- 
ucts. 


Fur- 
nished 

by 
farm. 


Bought. 


sump- 
tion 
per 

person. 


10 and less 

11 to 13 

14 and over... 


42 
36 

48 


4.6 
4.5 
4.9 


23.9 
26.1 
25.0 


4.9 
4.6 
5.7 


8.9 
12.3 
17.0 


37.0 
34.1 
29.5 


11.3 
9.3 
9.6 


13.9 
13.6 
13.1 


42 

48 
48 


58 
62 
52 


$133.87 
118. 73 
109.97 



MAINE. 



8 and less 


62 


4.0 


25.6 


6.6 


7.4 


26.2 


10.3 


23.7 


44 


56 


S104. 36 


9tol0 


37 


4.7 


25.5 


6.6 


9.7 


25.2 


9.7 


23.2 


46 


64 


94.24 


10 and over... 


49 


4.8 


26.7 


8.6 


13.3 


20.7 


9.1 


21.4 


51 


49 


85.38 



VALUE OF FOODj FUEL, AND USE OF HOUSE. 



15 



In Table XII the division has been made by the value of dairy 
products consumed. Increase in dairy products used is accom- 
panied by an appreciable decrease in the use of meat products, but 
no consistent variation in the other classes of foods. Dauy products 
are distinctly farm products, and the relative value of food furnished 
by the farm increases with the increase in value of dairy products 
used. There is no consistent variation in the value of total consump- 
tion of food. 



Table XII. 



-Relation of the relative quantity of dairy products consumed to that of other 
classes of food and the total consumption of food. 



NEW JERSEY. 





Num- 
ber of 
fami- 
lies. 


Aver- 
age 
size 

family. 


Average percentage of total consumption. 


Total 


Dairy prod- 
ucts, jier cent 
of total. 


Gro- 
ceries. 


Fruits. 


Vege- 
tables. 


Meat 
prod- 
ucts. 


Poultry 
prod- 
ucts. 


Dairy 
prod- 
ucts. 


Fiu-- 
nished 

by 
farm. 


Bought. 


sump- 
tion 
per 

person. 


10 and less 

11 to 15 

16 and over... 


41 
51 
33 


4.6 
4.6 
4.9 


25.1 
24.4 
2.5.4 


4.9 
5.1 
5.2 


12.7 
13.1 
12.5 


38.5 
34.1 
26.6 


10.2 
10.0 
10.2 


8.6 
13.2 
20.1 


41 
49 
52 


59 
51 
4S 


$123.54 
117.74 
118.85 



MAINE. 



19 and less. . . 

20 to 25 

26 and over.. 



53 


4.4 


27.0 


7.6 


10.7 


27.6 


10.5 


lfi.2 


45 


55 


50 


4.5 


26.3 


6.6 


10.0 


24.2 


10.2 


22.4 


47 


53 


45 


4.6 


24.3 


7.3 


9.0 


20.0 


8.3 


30.9 


49 


51 



$98. 19 
92.56 
93.64 



An increase in the proportion of groceries used is accompanied by 
a decrease in the proportion of meat and poultry products. (Table 
XIII.) The less expensive grocery items seem to replace a large pro- 
portion of the more expensive meats. The value of the total con- 
sumption here again varies inversely with the relative proportion of 
groceries used. 

Meats constituting such a large proportion of the total food value, 
their variation necessarily affects the total value of food consumed 
more than that of any other group. Only about one-third of the 
meat (not including poultry) used in these two areas is furnished by 
the farm, so that the variation in meat used also very appreciably 
affects the relative value of total food bought and furnished by the 
farm. The data indicate that the expenditure for meats and the 
value of the total consumption of food may be materially reduced by 
the increase in the use of vegetables, poultry products, and dairy 
products, the groups of foods which are largely furnished directly by 
the farm. 



16 



BULLETIN 410, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



Table XIII. — Relation of the relative quantity of groceries consumed to that of other 
classes of food and 'the total consumption of food. 



NEW JERSEY. 





Num- 
ber of 
ia mi- 
lies. 


Aver- 

aj-e 

si- 6 
family. 


Average percentage oi total consumption. 


Total 


Groceries, per 
cent of total. 


Gro- 
ceries. 


Fruits. 


Vege- 
tables. 


Meat 
prod- 
ucts. 


Poultry 
prod- 
ucts. 


Dairy 
prod- 
ucts. 


Fur- 
nished 

by 
farm. 


Bought. 


sump- 
tion 
per 

person. 


20 and less 

21 to 28 

29 and over... 


32 
55 
39 


4.7 
4.8 
4.5 


17.9 
24.9 
32.5 


4.S 
5.2 
5.2 


12.5 
13.2 
12.3 


40.9 
32.5 
27.2 


11.2 
9.7 
9.8 


12.7 
14.5 
13.0 


49 
49 
42 


51 
51 
58 


$133. 44 
122. 60 
105.59 



MAINE. 



24 and less 

25 to 30 

31 and over.. 



56 


4.2 


20.9 


7.3 


9.4 


25.8 


11.2 


25.1 


50 


50 


59 


4.8 


27.3 


7.4 


10.2 


24.4 


9.2 


21.3 


47 


53 


33 


4.2 


34.1 


6.0 


10.4 


19.9 


7.7 


21.1 


40 


60 



$110.84 
89.56 
80.84 



SIZE OF FAMILY AND FOOD PER PERSON. 

The num])or of persons in the family bears a direct relation to the 
value of food consumed per person. Table XIV shows that this 
variation is not limited to the total consumption, but applies also to 
the quantity bought and that furnished by the farm. The famihes 
were divided into three gi-oups, the fkst group consisting of families 
of 2 and 3 persons, the second of families of 4 and 5 persons, and the 
third of famiUes of 6 persons and more. The value of total consump- 
tion per person for the first group averages $114; for the second 
gi'oup, S96; and for the third, $84. The values of supplies bought 
per person for those groups in the same order average $49, $40, and 
$35, and the values of food furnished by farm are $65, $56, and $49, 
respectively. The relative value bought and furnished, however, 
does not vary in the different groups ; that is, the percentage of the 
total consumption bought and furnished by the farm is about the 
same for large families as for small families. The value of the con- 
sumption of the different classes of food is also relatively the same, 
indicating that there is more economical utilization of food products 
in large families than in small families. 



VALUE OF FOOD, FUEL, AND USE OF HOUSE. 17 

Table XIV. — Relation of size of family to annual cost of foodij) 50 families). 



Location of ret;ions iii which 
study was made (coiinly 
and Statu). 



Oxford, Mc 

Lamoille, Vt 

Otsego, N.Y 

Bucks, Pa 

GIoTicester, N. J 

Gaston, N.C 

Troup, Ga 

McLennan, Tex 

Champaign, Oliio. 

Jefferson, Wis 

Mon( gomery, Iowa 

Cloud, Kans 

Cass, N. Dak 

Santa Clara, CaL.. 

All families.. 



l'"amilies of 2 or 3 persons. 



322 



Average 
per person. 



$60 
40 
fiS 
44 
79 
23 
24 
.55 
39 
4.5 
3S 
39 

89 



49 



$52 
54 
53 
48 
f)2 
83 
95 
78 
69 
53 
82 
68 
78 
38 



8112 
94 
106 
92 
141 
107 
119 
133 
lOS 
98 
120 
107 
136 
127 



114 



Families of 4 or 5 persons. 



364 



Average 
per person. 



$49 
38 
44 
39 
63 
16 
23 
40 
2S 
27 
33 
35 
53 
70 



843 
40 
47 
45 
62 
78 
76 
56 
.59 
49 
62 
05 
69 
39 



40 ! .56 



$92 
78 
91 
.84 
125 
94 
99 
96 
87 
76 
95 
100 
122 
109 



Families of 6 persons 
or over. 



Average 
per person. 



$4G 
31 
43 
32 
55 
12 
17 
37 
24 
34 
33 
32 
40 
52 



841 
32 
41 
30 
47 
69 
62 
43 

as 

40 
70 
62 
57 
33 



49 



63 
.84 
62 

102 
81 
79 
80 
77 
74 

103 
94 
97 
.85 



CONSUMPTION OF INDIVroU.4L FOOD ITEMS. 

Tabic XV gives the average umiiial consumption ])(U' person and per 
family, with the quantity furnished by the farm and quantity bought, 
of practically all food items used by the families. It presents tlie 
details on which the generalized data in the other tables are based. 
In the other tables c|uaiititics arc represented by values, because the 
cliiference in the common units for the various items makes value 
the oidy common basis of comparison. Table XV, however, gives 
the quantities in units which represent exactly the same volume in 
all sections, making the data comparable one section with another. If 
the reader is interested in the consumption of any particular article, 
or group of articles, this table will give liim the desired information. 
53685°— Bull. 410—16 — -3 



18 



BULLETIISr 410, U. S. DEPAETMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



Table XV. — Average quantity per family and per person of the various articles of food 
consumed,' the average quantity furnished by the farm, and the quantity bought per 
family {950 families). 

GROCERIES. 



Slate. 



Vt 

Me 

N. Y... 

Pa 

N. J.... 
N.C... 

Ga 

Tex 

Ohio... 

Wis 

Iowa — 
KaiLs... 
N. Dak. 
Cal 



Vt 

Me 

N.Y.... 

Pa 

N.J 

N.C... 

Ga 

Tex 

Ohio.... 

Wis 

Iowa 

Kans 

N. Dak. 
Cal 



Coffee (pounds). 



Per family. 



\n. 3 
21.4 

21. 8 
38.0 
.55. 1 
31.9 
31.5 
53.5 
3S.9 
44.0 
45.7 
39.2 

58. 9 
41.6 



15.3 
21.4 
24.8 
38.0 
55. 1 
31.9 
31.5 
53. 5 
38.9 
44.0 
45.7 
39.2 
58.9 
41.6 



3.2 
4.8 
C.2 
7.3 

11.7 
7.1 
5.8 

10.1 
9.5 

10.0 

10.8 
8.7 
9.5 
8.5 



Sugar (pounds). 



Vt... 






372.0 


372.0 


Me... 






437.0 


437.0 


N.Y. 






376. 


376.0 


Pa... 






3.J0. 


3.59.0 


N.J.. 






.M(i. 


556.0 


N.C. 






279.0 


279.0 


Ga... 






313.0 


313.0 


Tex.. 






32.5.0 


325.0 


Ohio. 






377.0 


377.0 


Wis.. 






321.0 


321.0 


Iowa. 






408. 


408.0 


Kans. 






369. 


369.0 


N. Dak....| 




529.0 


529.0 


Cal... 






324.0 


324.0 



76.8 
97.9 
94.0 
69.0 
118.0 
62.0 
57.6 
61.3 
92.0 
73.0 
96.5 
82.0 
8.5.3 
66.2 



Commeiil (pounds). 



20.1 



330.9 
488.6 
frl. 1 

57.7 



3.3 



69.7 


69.7 


62.4 


62.4 


26.8 


26.8 


29.5 


55.6 


18.8 


18.8 


53.9 


384.8 


240. 6 


729.2 


298. 1 


392.2 


28.4 


S(i.l 


17.6 


17.6 


.33. 1 


30. 4 


102.6 


102. 6 


41.5 


41.5 


36.3 


36.3 



14.4 

14.0 
6.7 

10.7 
4.0 

85.8 
134. 3 

74.0 

21.0 
4.0 
8.6 

22.8 
6.7 
7.4 



Cocoa (pounds). 



I'er family. 



6.2 
5.4 
6.4 
8.3 
6.1 
.9 
1.1 
3.2 
4.1 
6.2 
3.4 
4.0 
6.2 
6.4 



6.2 
5.4 
6.4 
8.3 
6.1 
.9 
1.1 
3.2 
4.1 
6.2 
3.4 
4.0 
6.2 
6.4 



1.3 
1.2 
1.6 
1.6 
1.3 
.2 



1.0 
1.4 
.8 
.9 
1.0 
1.3 



Tea (pounds). 



Per family. 



Salt (pounds). 



58.1 


58.1 


6.8.2 


68.2 


64.0 


6-1.0 


86.3 


80. 3 


127.2 


127.2 


13.5 


13. 5 


27.1 


27.1 


27.0 


27.0 


20.5 


20.5 


13.2 


i:!. 2 


15.2 


1.5.2 


16.6 


16.6 


111.6 


111.6 


SB. 3 


8:5.3 



12.0 
1.5.3 
16.0 
16.6 
27.0 
3.0 
5.0 
5.1 
5.0 
3.0 
3.6 
3.7 
18.0 
17.0 



13.3 
9.8 
8.0 
1.6 

10.8 



13.3 
9.8 
8.0 
1.6 

10.8 



1.6 
2.7 
3.3 
2.2 
4.2 
4.5 
14.9 
8.3 



1.6 
2.7 
3.3 
2.2 
• 4.2 
4.5 
14.9 
8.3 



Flour (pound.s). 



408.3 



Bread bought (pounds). 



87.6 


87.6 


67.8 


67.8 


176.8 


176.8 


556.4 


5,56. 4 


570.0 


570. 


4.5 


4.5 


18.5 


18.5 


48.8 


48.8 


162.4 


162.4 


74.8 


74.8 


81. 6 


84. 6 


144.0 


144.0 


21.1 


21.1 


197.0 


197.0 



18.1 

1.5.2 

44.2 

107.0 

121.0 

1.0 

3.4 

9.2 

39.6 

17.0 

20.0 

32.0 

3.4 

40.2 



580.8 
29.8 



1,132.0 


1,132.0 


932.0 


932.0 


736.0 


730.0 


696.3 


733.0 


690.0 


690.0 


999.7 


1,408.0 


1,260.0 


1,260.0 


1,092.0 


1,092.0 


746.5 


754.0 


1,012.0 


1,012.0 


299.2 


880.0 


901.2 


994.0 


1,318.0 


1,318.0 


382.0 


382.0 



Oatmeal (pounds). 



65.8 


65.8 


45.9 


4.5. 9 


35.6 


35.6 


21.8 


21.8 


33.0 


33.0 


7.6 


7.6 


17.4 


17.4 


35.0 


35. 


51.2 


51.2 


37.4 


37.4 


292.7 


292.7 


48.6 


48.6 


66.3 


66.3 


68.6 


68.6 



2.7 
2.2 
2.0 
.3 
2.3 



.3 

.5 

.8 

.5 

1.0 

1.0 

2.4 

1.7 



230.0 
209.0 
184.0 
141.0 
146.5 
313.0 
232.0 
206.0 
184.0 
230.0 
208.0 
221.0 
212.5 
180.0 



1.3. C 

10.3 

8.9 

4.2 

7.0 

1.7 

3.2 

6.6 

12.5 

8.5 

69.2 

10.8 

10.7 

14.0 



VALUE OF FOOD. FUEL, AND USE OF HOUSE, 



19 



Table XV. — Avemge quantity per family and fee person of the various articles of food 
consumed, the average quantity furnished by the farm, and the quantity bought per 
family {950 families) — Cfontinuod. 

GUOCERIES— Continued. 





Other cereals (pounds). 


Graham Hour (pounds). 


K ice (pounds). 


State 


Per family. 


1 


Per family. 


1 

i 

Ph 


Per family. 






1 
.23 
a 


S3 
o 


"3 
1 


1 


S 

o 

M 


"3 
1 


1 
1 


be 
§ 


"3 
1 


n 
o 

p. 


Vt 




9.7 

18.3 

12.0 

10.4 

14.1 

2.7 

5.4 

3.7 

17.2 

12.3 

97.3 

10. 2 

26.7 

27.4 


9.7 

18.3 

12.0 

10.4 

14.1 

2.7 

.5.4 

3.7 

17.2 

12.3 

97.3 

16.2 

26.7 

27.4 


2.0 
4.1 
3.0 
2.0 





32.4 
18.7 
4.0 


32.4 
18.7 
4.0 


6.7 
4.2 
1.0 




14.0 
12.9 
12.0 
17.7 
28.7 
22.5 
29.3 
35.0 
20.2 
14.5 
19.5 
23.4 
22.3 
48.5 


14.0 
12.9 
12.0 
17.7 
28.7 
22.5 
29.3 
35.0 
26.2 
14.5 
19.5 
23. 4 
22.3 
48.5 


•> 9 


Me 




2.9 
3.0 
3 4 


N. Y 




Pa 1 


N.J ' 


3.0 

.6 
1.0 

.7 
4.2 
2.8 
23.0 
3.6 
4.3 
5.6 










6 1 


N.C 













5 


Ga 












5 4 


Tex 












6 G 


Ohio 










- 


6 4 


Wis 






.9 


.9 


.2 1 


3 3 


Iowa 




4 6 












1 


5 2 


N. Dak 

Cal 







27.9 

28.4 


27.9 
28.4 


4.5 

5.8 




3.6 
9 9 












Currants (pounds). 


Sirups (gallons). 


Lemons (dozens). 


Vt 




29.0 
21.4 
28.8 
27.0 
22.0 
5.0 
2.7 
42.4 
22.6 
25.5 
36.8 
2L2 
23.6 
14.7 


29.0 
21.4 
28.8 
27.0 
22.6 
5.0 
2.7 
42.4 
22.6 
25.5 
36.8 
21.2 
23.6 
14. r 


6.0 
4.8 
7.2 
5.2 


12.2 
■■■4.'5" 


4.3 
13.8 
5.5 
9.4 
6.6 
4.5 
8.4' 
18.6 
3.7 
4.5 
5.5 
5.4 
9.3 
3.9 


16.5 
13.8 
10.0 
9.4 
6.6 
8.1 
20.1 
18.6 
3.7 
6.6 
5.5 
5.4 
9.3 
3.9 


3.4 
3.1 
2.5 
1.8 
1.4 
1.8 
3.7 
3.5 
.9 
1.5 




3.6 


3.6 
4.5 
4.4 
5.2 

1.3.2 
1.4 
2.2 
4.2 
4.1 
3.1 
5.1 
5.8 
9.3 

12.2 




Me 




1 


N Y 




4.4 

.T 2 


1 1 


Pa 




1 


N.J 




4.8 1 

1.1 1 3.6 
.5 I 11.7 

8.0 t 

5.5 




13.2 
L4 
2.2 

4.2 
4.1 
,3.1 
.5.1 

5.8 
9.3 

8.7 


2 8 


N (' 




3 


Ga 




4 


Tex 




g 


Ohio 




1.0 


Wis 




5.8 
8.7 
4.7 
3.8 
3.0 


2.1 


.7 






L3 

1.2 


1.2 






1.3 


N. Dak 




L5 

.8 


"'ii'.h' 


1.5 


Oal .... 




2.5 












Oranges (dozens). 


Bananas (dozens). 


Buckwheat (poimds). 


Vt 




4.8 
10.3 
7.2 
7.8 
16.5 
1.8 
2.7 
,5.3 


4.8 

10.3 

7.2 

7.8 

16.5 

1.8 

2.7 

5.3 

5.3 

4.4 

6.3 

7.2 

12.4 

20.6 


1.0 
2.3 
1.8 
1.5 
3.5 




15.5 
18.3 
18.4 
10.9 
20.7 

3.6 

4.9 
11.1 
11.1 

8.4 
12.7 
14.8 
11.2 

8.3 


15.5 
18.3 
18.4 
10.9 
20.7 

3.6 

4.9 
11.1 
11.1 

8.4 
12.7 
14.8 
11.2 

8.3 


3.2 
4.1 
4.6 
.2.1 
4.4 
.8 
.9 
2.1 
2.7 
L9 
3.0 
3.3 
1.8 
1.7 


18.0 


13.5 


31.5 


6.5 


Me 






N. Y 




<S4. 3 


51.7 
20.8 


136.0 
20.8 


34.0 


Pa 




4.0 


N. J 






N.C. 




.4 1 

.5 • 

1.0 






1 


Ga 








1 


Tex 










Ohio 




.5.3 


1.3 
1.0 
1.5 
1.6 
2.0 
4.5 












4.4 
6.3 
7.2 
12.4 
16.5 




8.8 


8.8 


2.0 








Kans 






2.2 


2.2 




N. Dak 












1 













20 



BULLETIN 410, V. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



Table XV. — Average quantity per family and per^person of the various articles of food 
consumed, the average quantity furnished by the farm, and the quantity bought per 
family (950 families) — Continued . 



ANIMAL PRODUCTS. 





Pork (pounds). 


Beef (pounds). 


Poultry (pounds). 


State. 


Per family. 




Per family. 




Per family. 






























■S 






a 


■% 






§ 


t3 






1 




s: 


^ 




£ 


■q 


+j 






S3 


4J 










J3 








J3 




<s> 




ss 








a 


M 






a 


» 






a 


£? 


•a 






h 


O 


o 


k4 


B 


O 


o 


;-> 


^ 


c^ 





(~> 




f^ 




H 


Uh 




C2 


H 


Ph 


• 


n 


^ 


fe 


Vt 


251.2 


66.8 


318.0 


65.6 


102.5 


65.5 


168.0 


34.6 


87.0 




87.0 


18.0 


Me 


169.5 


56.5 


226.0 


50.6 


226.2 


36.8 


263.0 


.59.0 


94.0 


1.0 


95.0 


21.4 


N.Y 


192.7 


99.3 


292.0 


73.0 


95.9 


150.1 


246.0 


61.5 


166.3 


1.7 


168.0 


41.9 


Pa 


48.8 
538.2 


86.2 
151.8 


575.0 
690.0 


110.5 
146.4 


120.3 
35.4 


255.7 
406.6 


376.0 
442.0 


72.3 
93.9 


117.0 
146.0 




117.0 
146.0 


22.5 


N.J 


31.0 


N.C 


545.5 


5.5 


5.51.0 


122.4 


9.0 


32.0 


41.0 


9.1 


233.0 




233.0 


51.7 


Ga 


695.0 
628.1 


7.0 
137.9 


702.0 
7G6.0 


129.3 
144.5 


70.2 


64.8 
76.0 


135.0 
76.0 


24.8 
14.3 


3S2.0 
276.0 




382.0 
276.0 


70.4 


Tex 


52.0 


Ohio 


6C3.6 


42.4 


706.0 


172.2 


57. 5 


57.5 


115.0 


2S.1 


301.0 




301.0 


73.5 


Wis 


590.4 


65.6 


656. 


149.0 


70.1 


75.9 


146. 


33.1 


176.0 




176.0 


40.0 


Iowa 


659.5 


13.5 


673.0 


159.0 


118.8 


114.2 


2.33.0 


55. 1 


296.0 




296.0 


70.0 


Kans 


546.8 


41.2 


5.S,S.0 


130.6 


148.8 


80.2 


229.0 


50.8 


477.0 




477.0 


106.0 


N.Dak.... 


SS9. 6 


77.4 


967.0 


15G.0 


283.4 


152.6 


436. 


70.4 


226.0 




226.0 


36.4 


Cal 


131.8 


84.2 


216.0 


44.1 


14.1 


.4.54.9 


469.0 


95.7 


187.1 


1.9 


189.0 


38.5 





Fish (pounds). 




Milk (quarts). 


. 


Butter (pounds). 


Vt 

Me 

N.Y 

Pa 

N.J 

N.C 


"s.'e' 


38.0 38.0 
115.4 119.0 

23.0 1 23.0 

57.0 1 57.0 

119.0 ; 119.0 

3.0 ' 3.0 

6.0 6.0 

13.0 13.0 
2.0 ; 2.0 
3.0 3.0 


7.8 

26.6 

5.7 

11.0 

25.2 

.7 

1.2 

2.5 

.5 

.7 

1.3 

\:l 

30.8 


911.0 

557.4 

815.0 

669.2 

798.6 

600.0 

164.0 

221.6 

1,057.0 

633.7 

1,066.0 

1,130.0 

1,297.9 

852.4 


" "s.'e' 

""e.W 

69.4 

""4.'6 
"33.' 3 

"i3.'i' 

174.6 


911.0 

563.0 

815.0 

676.0 

86S. 

600.0 

164.0 

229.0 

1,057.0 

667.0 

l,0f)6.0 

1,130.0 

1,311.0 

1,027.9 


188. 2 
126.2 
203.7 
130. 
184.4 
1.33.4 
30.2 
43.2 
257. 7 
1.52.0 
252.0 
251.2 
211.5 
209.5 


68.2 

75.8 

54.4 

60.3 

79.4 

181.2 

282.0 

234.0 

113.5 

81.6 

152.9 

148.5 

224.8 

71.7 


73.8 
57.2 
96.6 
43.7 
35.0 
1.8 

"'k'.h' 

54.4 
3.1 
9.5 
22.2 
40.3 


142.0 
133.0 
151.0 
104.0 
115.0 
183.0 
2S2.0 
234.0 
122.0 
136.0 
156.0 
15S.0 
247.0 
112.0 


29.4 
29.9 
37.7 
20.1 
24.5 
40.6 


Ga 

Tex 




52.0 
44.2 


Ohio 

Wis. 




29.8 
31.0 


Iowa 

Kans....... 

N.Dak.... 

Cal 


::::::: 


6.0 

5.0 

47.0 

151.0 


6.0 

5.0 

47.0 

151.0 


37.0 
35.0 
39.8 
22.8 




Eggs (dozens). 




Cream ( 


quarts). 




Lard bough 


t (poun 


ds). 


Vt 


82.0 
108.6 
115.9 

94.0 
153.0 
122.0 
144.0 
206.0 
169.0 
163.7 
246.0 
194.0 
2S4.0 
101.0 


82.0 

3.4 112.0 
6.1 122.0 

94.0 

l.W.O 

122.0 

144.0 

! 206.0 

! 169 


16.9 
25.1 
30.5 
18.0 
32.5 
27.0 
26.6 
38.8 
41.3 
37.8 
58.2 
43.2 
45.8 
20.8 


108.0 
69.0 
.6.0 







108.0 

69.0 

6.0 


22.3 

15.4 

1.4 




34.8 
81.6 
10.8 
20.3 
33.4 
2.2 
5.4 
38.2 


34.8 
81.6 
10.8 
20.3 
33.4 
2.2 
5.4 
38.2 


7.2 


Me 

N.Y 

Pa 


18.3 
2.7 
3.9 


N.J 

N C 


2.6 


.4 


3.0 


.6 




7.1 
.5 


Ga 








::::::::::::;:: 


1.0 


Tex 












7.2 


Oliio 


37.0 




37.0 


9.0 






Wis 


3.3 

"'i.o' 


167.0 
246.0 
194.0 
284.0 
102.0 




3.5 

3.0 

27.9 

24.8 

48.0 


3.5 
3.0 
27.9 
24.8 
48.0 


.8 


Iowa 

Kans 

N.Dak 

Cal 


9.0 
22.0 
104.0 


"'i.'o' 


9.0 
22.0 
105.0 


2.1 
5.0 

17.0 




.7 
6.2 
4.0 
9.8 

















VALUE OF FOOD, FUEL, AND USE OF HOUSE. 



21 



Table XV. — Average quantity per family and per person of the various articles of food 
consumed, the averaje quantity furnished by the farm, and the quantity bought per 
family {950 famil ics) — Contin ued . 



ANIMAL PRODUCTS— Continued. 





Buttermilk (quarts). 


Honey (pounds). 


Cheese (poimds). 


State. 


Per family. 


a 

o 

i 

ft 


Per family. 


i 

ft 


Per family. 




'3 


1 


"3 
o 

Eh 


'a 


60 
3 
O 

f2 


"3 
o 


1 
'3 


o 


"3 


o 

ft 

u 


Vt 












1.0 


1.0 
4.0 

10.8 
2.1 
1.4 
7.6 
5.4 

14.8 
3.3 
8.8 
2.5 
9.0 

19.8 
3.4 


0.2 

.9 
2.7 

.4 

.3' 
1.7 
1.0 
2.8 

.8 
2.0 

.6 
2.0 
3.2 

.7 


"o.i' 

2.3 
5.3 
5.8 

""2.'2' 

"2.'i' 

'""9.'4' 
5.1 
4.5 


8.7 

17.9 

14.5 

7.2 

30.5 

.9 

7.6 

5.3 

6.9 

20.2 

10.6 

1.8 

20.3 

29.8 


8.7 

18.3 

16.8 

12.5 

36.3 

.9 

9.8 

5.3 

9.0 

20.2 

10.6 

11.2 

25.4 

34.3 




Me 










1.9 


2.1 




N.Y 










2.4 ! 8.4 

1.1 1.0 
1.2^ .2 
6.7 1 .9 
4.9 .5 
8.0 6.8 

1.2 2.1 
2.6 6.2 

1.6 .'9 

7.7 1-3 


4:2 

2 4 


Pa 










N.J 










7 7 


N.C 

Ga 


1,581.3 
2,2.M).6 
2,090.3 




1,581.3 
2.2Sn fi 


351.4 
420.0 
394.4 


.2 
1.8 
1.0 
2.2 
4.6 


Tex 


2,090.3 

! 


Ohio 


Wis 




................ 




Iowa 










Kans 







2 5 


N. Dak 








19.8 
2.3 


4.1 
7.0 


Cal 






1.1 









FRUITS. 



State. 



Vt 

Me 

N.Y... 

Pa 

N. J.... 
N.C... 

Ga 

Tex.... 
Ohio... 
Wis. . . . 
Iowa. . . 
Kans... 
N. Dak. 
Cal 



Vt... 
Me... 
N.Y. 



N.J 

N.C... 

Ga 

Tex 

Ohio.... 

Wis 

Iowa 

Kans 

N. Dak. 
Cal 



Apples (bushels). 



12.9 
17.1 

IS. 8 
9.5 
9.8 

14.8 
5.0 



6.9 
10.1 
16.6 
14.3 
.4 
.7 



2.6 


15.5 


.3 


17.4 




18.8 


3.0 


12.5 


2.0 


11.8 


1.0 


15.8 { 


1.0 


6.0 


4.2 


4.2 


3.8 


.10.7 


3.5 


13.6 


4.1 


20.7 


7.3 


21.6 


7.0 


7.4 


.3 


1.0 



3.2 
3.9 
4.7 
2.4 
2.5 
3.5 
1.1 

.8 
2.6 
3.1 
4.9 
4.8 
1.2 

.2 



Pears (pounds). 



1.0 
69.9 
4.4 
160.1 
68.1 
135.0 
54.3 



51.7 
3.0 
4.9 

14.6 



12.8 



11.6 


12.6 


23.3 


93.2 


2.0 


6.4 


8.4 


168.5 


2.1 


70.2 




135.0 




54.3 


30.7 


30.7 


5.7 


57.4 


10.2 


13.2 


12.0 


16.9 


25.9 


40.5 


107.9 


107.9 


1.9 


14.7 



2.6 
20.9 

1.6 
32.4 
14.9 
30.0 
10.0 

5.8 
14.0 

3.0 

4.0 

9.0 
17.4 

3.0 



Peaches (pounds). 



2.3 



17.3 
134.2 
458.9 
690.6 



70.9 



.2 
191.7 



25.4 



20.8 
11.1 
60.0 
51.9 

101.3 
4.6 
44.1 

174.9 

71.0 

35.2 

5.3 

127.8 

198.4 
10.9 



20.8 

13.4 

60.0 

69.2 

235.5 

463.5 

734.7 

174.9 

141.9 

35.2 

5.5 

319.5 

198.4 

36.3 



4.3 

3.0 

15.0 

13.3 

50.0 

103.0 

135.3 

33.0 

34.6 

8.0 

1.3 

71.0 

32.0 

7.4 



Plums (pounds). 



0.5 
23.3 



17.6 
12.3 



». / 
11.0 
1.6 
1.1 
12.2 



16.3 

"i3."i" 



3.3 
6.2 
59. 1 3. 1 



54.2 
19.1 



9.2 
34.3 

1.6 
18.7 
24.5 



16.3 



16.4 

6.2 

62.2 



102.3 
19.1 



Berries (quarts). 



10.2 
77.5 
26.9 
43.0 
54.7 
156.6 
19.0 



26.6 
72.9 
15.4 
13.9 
18.0 
9.4 



23.7 
17.0 
12.7 
3.8 
23.5 



8.2 

34.4 

10.3 

6.3 

8.3 

6.8 

24.8 

26.9 



33.9 
94.5 
39.6 
46.8 
78.2 
156.6 
27.2 
34.4 
36.9 
79.2 
23.7 
20.7 
42.8 
36.3 



7.0 

21.2 

9.9 

9.0 

16.6 

34.8 

5.0 

6.5 

9.0 

18.0 

5.6 

4.6 

6.9 

7.4 



Cherries (quarts). 



27.6 



30.2 
47.1 



34.0 
25.7 
66.1 
45.0 
5.8 
27.1 



4.5 
3.2 
4.1 
5.2 



7.0 
2.5 

11.7 
4.5 
6.6 

10.6 



32.1 
3.2 
34.3 
52.3 



1.9 
7.7 
.4 
3.6 
5.2 



3.0 



4.0 

1.4 

14.7 



16.5 
3.9 



6.6 

n.i 



41.0 


10.0 


28.2 


6.4 


77.8 


18.4 


49.5 


11.0 


12.4 


2.0 


37.7 


7.7 



22 



BULLETIN 410, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



Table XV. — Average quantity per family and per person of the various articles (f food 
consumed, the average quanti\y furnished by the farm, and the quantity bought per 
family {950 families) — Continued . 



F R UITS— Continued. 





Grapes (pounds). 


Pineapples (number). 




State. 


Per family. 


i 


Per family. 


1 


Per family. 






3 
o 


o 


■6 
» 

1 

3 


to 

3 
o 
« 


o 


1 

3 


i 

3 
o 

n 


"3 
o 


d 


Vt 




9.7 


9.7 
22.3 

8.4 
14.0 
41.0 
76.5 


2.0 
5.0 
2.1 
2.7 

8.7 
17.0 


















Mo 


17.2 
5.1 
14.0 
37.7 
76.5 


5.1 
3.3 




10.7 


10.7 


2.4 




1 




N. Y. 








Pa 


1 


! 








N. J 




40.0 


40.0 


8.5 








N. C 




;::;:::i:::::;: 




Ga 


















Te.x 


























Ohio 


11.5 
9.2 
42.3 
20.3 


...... 

4.2 
18.0 
16.1 
72.0 


11.5 

9.7 
46.5 
38.3 
16.1 

82.8 


2.8 
2.2 

11.0 
8.5 
2.6 

16.9 


















Wis 
















































1 




N. Dak 




3.7 
2.4 


3.7 
2.4 


2.6 
.5 








Cal 


10.8 












1 





VEGETABLES. 



State. 


•Irish potatoes (bushels). 


Sweet potatoes (pounds). 


Beans (pecks). 


Vt 


46.4 

24.9 

31.8 

25.1 

35.7 

8.1 

8.0 

5.4 

16.3 

36.7 

30.6 

20.2 

59.6 

4.1 


0.5 

.5 

.6 

1.9 

1.5 

.1 

.1 

8.9 

6.7 

1.1 

1.6 

5.4 

1.2 

16.6 


46.9 
25.4 
32.4 
27.0 
37.2 
8.2 
8.1 
14.3 
23.0 
37.8 
32.2 
25.6 
60.8 
20.7 


9.7 
5.7 
8.1 
5.2 
7.9 
1.8 
1.5 
2.7 
5.6 
8.6 
7.6 
5.7 
9.8 
4.2 










5.0 

17.2 

10.1 

13.2 

24.8 

21.7 

24.9 

3.8. 

6.5 

2.8 

3.5 

3.6 

5.9 

9.8 


0.5 

5.5 

1.5 

.4 

.5 

1.4 

.5 

8.4 

4.3 

1.6 

4.2 

3.2 

2.4 

9.4 


5.5 

22.7 

11.6 

13.6 

25.3 

23.1 

25.4 

12.2 

10.8 

4.4 

7.7 

6.8 

8.3 

19.2 


L7 


Me 




48.2 


48.2 


10.8 


5.1 


N Y 


2.9 


Pa 










2.6 


N.J 

N.C 

Ga 


894.4 

957.6 

1,814.6 

L8 

2.5 


47.1 

"'37.0' 
173.1 
22.1 


941.5 

957.6 

1,851.6 

174.9 

24.6 


199. 9 

212.8 

341.0 

33.0 

6.0 


6.4 
5.1 

4.7 


Tex 


2.3 


Ohio 

Wis 


2.6 
1.0 


Iowa 

Kans 

N. Dak.... 
Cal 




25.0 

20.2 

3.1 

70.6 


25.0 

20.2 

3.1 

70.6 


5.9 

4.5 

.5 

14.4 


L8 
L5 
L3 
3.9 








Peas (pecks). 




Onions 


(pecks). 




C 


abbage 


(heads 


. 


Vt 


5.2 
18.1 
4.7 
4.3 
4.7 
2.6 
8.1 
3.2 
1.2 
.9 
2.7 
3.3 
4.8 
1.5 


0.7 
.2 
.2 
.4 
.4 
.1 

'"9.5 
.4 
.4 
1.5 
1.6 
.2 
1.9 


5.9 
18.3 
4.9 
4.7 
5.1 
2.7 
8.1 
12.7 
1.6 
1.3 
4.2 
4.9 
5.0 
3.4 


1.2 

4.1 

1.2 

.9 

1.1 

.6 

1.5 

2.4 

.4 

.3 

1.0 

LI 

.8 

.7 


0.5 
.2 
1.6 
3.2 
4.8 
9.4 
6.9 
5.3 
3.7 
3.7 
2.6 
9.0 
4.4 
2.6 


3.9 
3.1 
3.0 

.8 
L3 

.'i' 

3.2 
.4 
.7 

2.0 
2.7 

.6 
9.2 


4.4 
3.3 
4.6 
4.0 
6.1 
9.4 
7.0 
8.5 
4.1 
4.4 
4.6 

11.7 
5.0 

11.8 


0.9 

.:? 

.8 
1.3 
2.1 
1.3 
1.6 
1.0 
1.0 
1.1 
2.6 

.8 
2.4 


27.1 
17.9 
32.5 
82.6 
79.3 
106.9 
48.4 

5.9 
44.7 
76.6 
32.3 

7.0 
45.0 

9.4 


4.4 

7.3 

23.5 

5.3 

11.9 

1.1 

.5 

30.7 

.4 

"ii's' 

25.0 

.9 

20.0 


3L5 
25.2 
56.0 
87.9 
91.2 
108.0 
48.9 
36.6 
45.1 
76.6 
44.8 
32.0 
45.9 
29.4 


6.5 


Me 


5.6 


N. Y 

Pa 


14.0 
16.9 


N.J 

N.C 

Ga 


19.4 

24.0 

9.0 


Tex 

Ohio 

Wis 

Iowa 

Kans 

N. Dak.... 
Cal 


6.9 
11.0 
17.4 
10.6 
7.1 
7.4 
6.0 



VALUE OF FOOD, FUEL, AND USE OF HOUSE. 



23 



Table XV. — Average quantity fcr family and -per person of the various articles of food 
consumed, the average quantity furnished by the farm, and the quantity bought per 
family (950 families) — Continued . 



VEGETABLES— Continued. 



Vt 

Me 

N. Y... 

Pa 

N. J.... 
N.C... 

Ga 

Tex.... 
Ohio... 
Wis.... 
Iowa. . . 
Kans... 
N. Dak 
Cal 



Vt 

Me 

N. Y... 

Pa 

N. J.... 
N.C... 

Ga 

Tex 

Ohio... 
Wis.... 
Iowa. . . 
Kans... 
N. Dak 
Cal 



Vt 

Me 

N. Y... 

Pa 

N. J.... 
N.C... 

Ga 

Tex 

Ohio.... 

Wis 

Iowa 

Kans.... 
N. Dak . 
Cal 



Turnips (pecks). 



Per family. 



5.7 

4.2 

3.4 

5.2 

3.4 

5.0 

17.1 

30.0 

36.5 

1.3 

1.5 

1.5 

3.1 

2.2 



0.8 
.4 



.2 
16.1 



6.5 

4.6 

4.0 

5.2 

4.6 

5.0 

17.3 

46.1 

36.5 

1.3 

2.2 

1.8 

3.1 

8.3 



1.4 

1.0 

1.0 

1.0 

1.0 

1.1 

3.2 

8.7 

8.9 

.3 

.5 

.4 

.5 

1.7 



Tomatoes (pecks). 



0.6 


2.2 


2.8 


10.6 


.2 


10.8 


9.4 


.6 


10.0 


20.4 




20.4 


47.1 




47.1 


27.0 




27.0 


20.0 


3.8 


2,3.8 


2.7 


12.1 


14.8 


17.1 


.9 


18.0 


8.8 


.4 


9.2 


14.4 


.9 


15.3 


1.3.7 


6.5 


20.2 


17.6 


.4 


18.0 


8.6 


13.0 


21.6 



0.6 
2.4 
2.5 
3.9 
10.0 
6.0 
4.4 
2.8 
3.4 
2.1 
4.1 
4.5 
2.9 
4.4 



Beets (pecks). 



Per family. 



3.9 
5.7 

.2 
5.5 
4.2 
5.0 
1.6 
1.9 
2.6 
1.8 
3.3 
2.7 
5.0 

.2 



0.1 



1.8 



4.0 
5.7 
.3 
5.5 
5.2 
5.0 
1.6 
2.1 
2.6 
1.8 
3.4 
2.7 
5.0 
2.0 



0.8 
1.3 
.1 
1.1 
1.1 
1.1 
.3 
.4 
.5 
.4 
.8 



Sweet com (dozens). 



1.1 


4.6 


5.7 


40.4 


.4 


40.8 


20.4 


2.8 


23.2 


40.4 


1.2 


41.6 


43.7 


.9 


44.6 


46.3 


.5 


46.8 


28.6 


4.3 


32.9 


7.9 


17.5 


25.4 


1.9 


25.1 


27.0 


16.4 


3.8 


20.2 


24.0 


10.3 


34.3 


4.1 


2.7 


6.8 


22.9 




22.9 


13.8 


6.8 


20.6 



1.2 
9.2 
5.8 
8.0 
9.5 
10.4 
6.1 
4.8 
5.1 
4.6 
8.1 
1.5 
3.7 
4.2 



Carrots (pecks). 



Melons (number). 



2.4 



2.4 

'■i'.Y 



0.5 
".'7' 



126.6 
67.5 
108.6 



18.8 
72.0 
9.3 
14.1 



5.3 



9.3 
74.1 



131.9 
67.5 
108.6 



2.5.4 
72.0 
18.6 

88.2 



28.0 
15.0 
20.0 



6.0 
16.0 

3.0 
18.0 



Cucumbers (peeks). 



Per family. 



6.0 
10.7 
4.8 
3.5 
2.0 
1.4 



3.7 
6.2 
2.1 
1.3 
10.5 
4.6 



0.5 



6.5 
10.7 
5.5 
3.5 
2.3 
1.4 



3.7 
6.2 
2.2 
1.4 
11.2 



Squash (pounds). 



29.0 
66.9 
26.0 



29.0 
66.9 
26.0 



18.6 
21.6 



18.6 
53.9 



1.3 

2.4 
1.4 

.7 



.7 
1.4 
.5 
.3 
1.8 
1.8 



6.0 
15.0 
6.5 



3.0 
11.0 



Tables XVI and XVII were prepared to bring to the attention of 
the reader more forcibly the articles most frequently bought and 
those most generally supplied by the farm in the different sections, 
and to point out more graphically the regional variations in these 
conditions. 



24 BULLETIN 410, U. S. DEPARTMENT OP AGEICULTURE. 

Table XVI. — Percentage of articles o/food bought (950 families) . 



Articles. 


> 


1 


>< 


i 











6 

3 



.2 


1 

1— 1 


M 


ft 


"3 



Cofiee 


100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
20 
100 
100 
100 
43 
21 
39 


100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 

"25" 
14 

97 


100 

100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
55 
100 
100 
100 

38 
34 
61 
1 
100 


100 

100 
100 
100 
100 
95 
53 
100 
100 


100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 


100 
100 
100 
100 
100 

71 

14 

leo 
100 


100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
33 
100 
100 


100 

100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
76 
100 
100 


100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
99 
33 
100 
100 


100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
68 
100 
100 

100 


100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
34 
91 
100 
100 


100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
97 
100 
100 
100 


100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 


100 


Cocoa 


100 


Tea 


100 


Sugar 


100 


Salt 


100 


Flour 


100 


Corn meal... 


100 


Oatmeal 


100 


Other cereals 


100 


Graham flour 


100 


Rice 


100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
15 
68 


100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 


100 
100 

56 
100 

100 

100 


100 
100 
42 
100 
100 
100 


100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 


100 
101 
100 
100 
100 
100 


100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 


100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 


100 


Raisins 


100 


Sirups 


100 


Lemons 


71 


Oranges 


80 


Bananas 


100 


Buckwheat 




Pork 

Beef 

Poultry 


22 

92 


1 

78 


1 
48 


18 
100 


6 
50 

. 


10 

52 


2 
49 


7 
35 


8 
35 


39 

97 

1 


Fish 

Buttermilk 


100 


100 


100 


100 


100 


100 


100 


100 


100 


100 


100 


100 


Cream 










12 

8 
31 
84 














1 

1 

9 
80 




Milk 


. . . 


43 
98 

3 
53 

2 
83 
32 
25 
18 
14 
23 
100 


■"64" 

86 

5 

78 

'ioo' 
100 

31 
32 
100 
39 


1 
42 
58 






2 




7 
77 


5 

40 

100 

2 

70 

26 

100 

100 

77 

8 

9 

5 






17 


Butter 


52 
100 


1 

100 




2 
100 


6 
16 


36 


Cheese .... 


78 


100 


87 


Eggs 


1 


Honey 


100 
17 

100 
95 
92 
70 


50 

24 

75 

6 

5 

8 

12 


14 
17 
43 
50 

3 
30 
10 

8 
100 


12 
6 
1 


10 
16 


46 
100 
100 


63 
36 
50 
20 
10 
28 
17 


34 
20 
96 

5 
71 
35 
15 

9 


15 
34 
40 

"64' 

33 

9 

47 


100 

95 

100 

47 
100 
58 
53 
100 
100 


69 


Apples 


33 


Peaches 


30 


Plums 




Pears 






100 
100 


13 


Berries 




30 


74 


Cherries 


28 


Grapes 


100 








87 


Pineapples 










100 


Prunes 




















13 


Potatoes, Irish 


1 


2 
100 
24 

1 
94 
29 

8 

"2 
1 


2 


7 


4 

5 

2 

7 

21 

13 

27 

20 

14 


1 
..... 

1 
..... 


1 

2 

2 

..... 

1 
1 


02 
99 
69 
75 
38 
84 
35 
10 


29 
90 
40 
27 
11 
1 


3 

"36' 
32 
15 


5 

100 

55 

35 

44 

28 

30 

3 

4 

6 

30 


21 
100 
47 
33 
23 
78 
14 


2 
100 
29 

4 
12 

2 


80 


Potatoes, sweet 


100 


Beans 


9 
12 
89 
14 
12 
3 
8 
80 
81 


13 
5 
68 
42 
16 
15 
12 
6 
12 


3 

8 

21 

6 

..... 


49 


Peas 


56 


Onions 


78 


Cabbage 


68 


Turnips 


74 


Beets 






89 


Cucumbers 










3 
32 
40 


6 
2 


48 


Tomatoes 




16 
13 


82 
69 


5 

7 


4 
19 


60 


Sweet corn 


3 


2 


1 


33 


Squash 


60 


Carrots 






















Melons 






' 








26 




50 


84 


1 






1 1 









VALUE OF FOOD, FUEL, AND USE OF HOUSE. 25 

Table XVII. — Percentage of articles of food furnished by farm {950 families). 



Articles. 


> 


1 




PL, 




d 


C3 






6 
S 



'^ 


C3 
1 


M 





"3 



Coffee 






























Cocoa 






























Tea 






























Sugar 






























Salt 








::•""::■■"! 




















Flour 








5 

47 




29 
86 






1 
67 




66 
9 


3 






Com meal 








67 


24 






Oatmeal 














Other cereals 






























Graham flour 






























Rice 






























Raisins 














:::;:..;; 
















74 




45 






44 


58 






32 










Lemons 
















29 


Oranges 


























20 


Bananas 




























Buckwheat 


.57 
79 
61 
100 


7a 

86 

99 

3 


62 
66 
39 
99 






















Pork 


85 
32 
100 


78 

8 

100 


99 
22 
100 


99 
52 
100 


82 

'ioo' 


94 
50 
100 


90 

48 
100 


98 
51 
100 


93 
65 
100 


92 
65 
100 


61 


Beef 


3 


Poultry 


99 


Fish 




Buttermilk 










100 


100 


100 
















100 
100 

48 


100 

99 

57 

2 

97 
47 
98 
17 
68 
7.5 
82 
86 
77 


100 
100 
36 
14 
95 
22 
100 

"69' 

68 

"ei' 


"99' 
58 
42 

100 
50 
76 
25 
94 
95 
92 
88 

100 


88 
92 
69 
16 
100 
86 
83 
57 
50 
97 
70 
90 
92 


100 

100 
93 
23 

100 
37 
64 
50 
80 
90 
72 
83 

100 


' '9.5' 
60 


100 
100 

98 


100 
100 
94 
84 
100 
85 
66 
60 

"se' 

67 
91 
53 


99 
99 
91 
20 
100 

5 

"53' 

"42' 

47 




Milk 


100 
99 

ioo" 

88 
94 
99 

ioo' 

100 


100 
100 
22 
100 
90 
84 
94 
100 
100 
70 


98 
100 

ioo" 

54 


83 




64 




13 




100 


98 
30 
74 

"23' 
92 
91 
95 


100 
66 
80 
4 
95 
29 
65 
85 
91 


99 


Honev 


31 




83 


67 




70 




5 

8 
30 


100 




87 




26 


Cherries 


72 


Grapes 




100 






13 












Prunes 




























87 




99 


98 


98 


93 


96 
95 
98 
93 
79 
87 
73 
8.) 
86 
100 
98 


99 
100 

94 

99 
100 

99 
100 
100 
100 
100 

99 


99 
98 
98 

100 
99 
99 
99 

100 


38 
1 
31 
25 
62 
16 
65 
90 


71 
10 
60 
73 
89 
99 
100 
100 
100 
95 
93 


97 


95 


79 


98 


20 


Potatoes, sweet 




Beans 


91 
88 
11 
86 
88 
97 
92 
20 
19 
100 
100 


76 
99 
6 
71 
92 
100 
100 
98 
99 
100 


87 
95 
32 

58 
84 
85 
88 
94 
88 
100 
100 


97 
92 
79 
94 
100 
100 
99 
100 
97 


64 
68 
85 
100 
100 
100 

100 

96 
81 


45 
65 
56 
72 
70 
97 
96 
94 
70 


53 

67 
77 
22 
86 
100 
97 
68 
60 


71 
96 
88 
98 
100 
100 
94 
98 
100 
100 
100 
50 


si 




44 


Onions ^ 


22 
32 




26 




11 




52 


Tomatoes 


84 
87 


18 
31 


40 




67 




40 


Carrots 


100 




















Melons 


96 


100 


100 








74 


100 


16 





















A general resume of the average quantities of each article of food 
consumed per person and per family for all the families visited is given 
in Table X"VIII. There is considerable difference between the diets 
of the families in the Southern States and those in the Northern and 
Western States. The southern families, for instance, use large quan- 
tities of buttermilk and sweet potatoes and relatively less of whole 
milk and Irish potatoes. This table, therefore, is divided mto 2 
groups, separating the averages of the families in the 3 Southern 
and those in the 11 Northern and Western States. It shows the 
relative importance of each item of food m the average family's 
annual total food consumption; the per cent bought and that fur- 
nished by the farm is also shown for each article of food. 



2 6 BULLETIN 410, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF .\GRICULTURE. 

Table XVIII. — Average annual consumption of various articles of food (950 families) . 





nits. 


Average of 150 families visited in 
three Southern States. 


Average of 800 families visited in 11 
Northern and Western States. 


Articles and u 


Quantities con- 
sumed. 


Percentage of 
total. 


Quantities con- 
sumed. 


Percentage of 
total. 




Per 
person. 


Per 
family. 


Bought. 


Fiir- 
nished 
by farm. 


Per 
person. 


Per 

family. 


Bought. 


Fur- 
nished 
by farm. 


Groceries: 


..dozen.. 

.pounds.. 

do 


1.3 
4.5 


6.5 
23.9 


100 
100 




3.0 

41.6 
4.9 
1.1 
8.2 

10.9 

195.1 

2.0 

1.4 

15.4 
5.2 
2.0 
5.4 
4.6 

12.5 
1.8 

86.8 
1.5 

59.5 

10.8 

5.5 

114.3 

45.4 
33.6 

30.6 


13.8 
194.8 
21.1 

5.7 

38. 4 

50.4 

913.2 

10.2 

6.4 
69.7 
23.8 

9.3 
24.8 
21.8 
60.4 

8.2 
402.5 

7.4 

283.9 
51.7 
26.2 

536.8 

207.1 
156.8 

143.4 


100 
100 

56 
100 
100 

89 

93 
100 

97 
100 
100 

98 
100 
100 
100 

86 
100 
100 

54 
100 
100 

17 




Bread bought.. 








44 




....do.... 
....do.... 
....do.... 
....do.... 
...do ... 


.3 

7.7 
97.9 
250.3 


1.7 

39.0 

502.1 

1,253.4 


100 
100 
41 
90 












Corn meal 

Flour 


5'J 
10 


11 

7 




. .dozen., 
.pounds.. 
do — 

..dozen., 
.pounds. . 

do 

....do.... 

.gallons. . 
.pounds.. 
do 

....do.... 
....do.... 
....do.... 
....do.... 

....do.... 
...dozen.. 

.pounds.. 
..quarts., 
.pounds.. 


.5 
3.8 

.8 

.6 
3.2 
5.7 
4.4 
3.0 
60.3 

.3 

16.1 

1.5 

2.9 

132.1 

58.0 
30.8 

45.6 

388.6 

1.0 


2.6 
20.0 

3.9 

3.3 
16.7 
28.9 
22.5 
15.6 
305.5 

1.4 

83.8 

7.6 

15.3 

672.9 

296.8 
157.2 

233.1 

1,984.1 

5.3 


100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
66 
100 
100 

75 
100 
100 

7 




3 














Oranges 




2 






Rice 






Salt 






Sirups 

Sugar 

Tea 


34 


14 






Meat products: 
Beef 

Fish 


25 


46 


Lard bought... 

Pork 

Poultry products: 
Poiallrj' 

Egg* 

Dairy products: 
Butter 






93 

100 
100 

100 
100 

7 


83 
100 




1 
30 


99 




70 








Cheese 


93 


3.9 

6.6 

196.9 

1.3 

3.0 
10.6 
7.4 
5.9 
21.8 
11.2 
1-. 1 
5.4 

2.7 
.7 

11.1 
.2 
1.2 
6.5 
1.2 
1.2 
7.1 

22.0 
3.8 
5.5 
3.7 
1.6 


18.5 

32.6 

917.5 

6.0 

13.7 
48.4 
33.5 
27.3 
103.2 
54.7 
5.2 
26.8 

12.4 
3.5 

51.4 

.9 

5.6 

30.6 
5.8 
5.4 

33.5 
103.2 

17.7 

26.2 

21.3 
7.1 


81 
2 
3 

59 

28 
36 
27 
38 
74 
45 
100 
46 

28 
12 
26 


19 
98 


MUk 

Honej^ 

Fruits: 

Apples 

Berries 


do 

.pounds.. 

.bushels.. 
..quarts.. 
do 


68.9 
1.8 

1.8 
15.4 


331.1 
9.3 

8.7 
72.7 


1 
23 

41 
43 


99 
77 

59 
57 


97 
41 

72 
64 
73 


Grapes 

Peaches 

Pears 

Pineapples 

Plums 


.pounds.. 
....do.... 
....do.... 


5.7 
90.4 
15.3 


25.5 

457.7 

73.3 




100 
64 
67 


62 


36 
33 


26 
55 


.pounds.. 

...peeks.. 
— do — 
...heads.. 
...pecks.. 
— do — 
.number.. 
...pecks.. 

do — 

.bushels.. 
L. pounds.. 
. do 


1.0 

4.0 

.6 

13.3 


5.4 

20.2 

2.9 

64.5 




100 

74 
97 
71 


54 


Vegetables: 

Beans 

Beets 

Cabbage 


26 
3 
29 


72 
88 
74 
100 




.1 
11.7 
1.7 
1.5 
2.0 
195.6 


.5 

58.7 
8.3 
7.8 

10.2 
994.7 




100 
100 
87 
62 
79 
66 


9 

33 
43 
20 
14 
85 
12 
21 
18 
16 


91 


Melons . 




67 


Onions 

Peas 

Potatoes, Irish 
Potatoes, swce 

Squash 

Sweet corn 

Tomatoes 

Turnips 


13 

38 
21 
34 


67 
80 
86 
15 

88 


...dozen.. 
...pecks.. 
— do — 


7.1 
4.4 
4.3 


35.0 
21.9 
22.8 


28 
33 
12 


72 
67 

88 


79 
82 

84 



RELATIVE CONSUMPTION OF FOOD BY FAMILIES ON OWNED AND RENTED FARMS. 

For all areas where the number of tenants was sufficient to 
warrant the division, the families were divided into two groups, 
those living on their own farms and those renting farms. Table 
XIX shows figures for these divisions, giving the average size of 



VALUE OF FOOD, FUEL, AND USE OF HOUSE. 



27 



family, the average consumption of food per person, and the per- 
centage of the food bought and furnished by the farm. There seems 
to be a shght tendency for the owner families to be larger than the 
tenant famihes, though it is not sufficiently marked to warrant fur- 
ther mention of it, the average of the 601 owner families visited being 
4.8 persons and that of the tenant families 4.7 persons. 

The difference between the two groups in the consumption of food 
per person is more pronounced. With the exception of the Maine 
and Iowa areas, the owner famihes use more food per person than 
the families renting farms. The average consumption per person of 
all the famihes livmg on their own farms is $100.60 and that of the 
tenant famihes is $90.57, a difference of $10 per person and $48 per 
family. The reason for this difference is probably, in part, that the 
owner famihes are as a class better off than the tenant famihes. 

The tenants seem to buy a shghtly greater proportion of their food 
than do the owners. This fact does not hold true in all the areas, 
but the average for the 1 1 areas studied shows that the owner fami- 
hes buy 40 per cent of the food they use and the tenants about 43 
per cent. This shght variation may not have any significance, but 
it is probably true that for a series of years the fniit trees and gardens 
on the average tenant farm do not receive the attention they do on 
the farms operated by owners. The tenant's first care is his rent, 
and he may devote more time to his crops and hve stock than to the 
farm food products for family use. 

Table XIX. — Comparison of food used on ownea and on rented farms, showing part 
bought and part furnished by the farm. 



County and State. 



Tenure. 



Number 
of fami- 
lies. 



Average 
size of 
family. 



Total 
consump 
tion per 
person. 



Percentage of total 
food- 



Bought. 



Fur- 
nished by 
farm. 



Oxford, Me 

Otsego, N.Y 

Gloucester, N. J... 

Gaston, N.C 

Troup, Ga 

McLennan, Tex . . . 
Champaign, Ohio. 
Montgomery, Iowa 

Cloud, Kans 

Cass, N. Dak 

Santa Clara, Cal... 

All families . . 



|0%vners . 
Tenants. 
Owners . 
Tenants. 
fOwners . 
\Tenants. 

i Owners. 
Tenants. 
Owners. 
Tenants, 
f Owners . 
\Tenants. 
lOwncTS . 
\Tenants. 

! Owners. 
Tenants. 
Owners. 
Tenants. 
/Owners . 
\Tenants. 
/Owners. , 
\Tenants. 

f Owners. . 

1 Tenants. 



139 
9 
45 
10 
94 
32 
44 
11 
36 
14 
21 
23 
25 
19 
32 
14 
29 
17 
71 
38 
65 
19 



4.5 
3.6 
4.0 
4.0 
4.4 
5.5 
4.4 
4.9 
5.7 
4.9 
5.7 
5.4 
4.0 
4.2 
4.5 
3.5 
4.4 
4.7 
6.5 
5.7 
4.9 
5.1 



601 
206 



4.8 
4.7 



$94. 72 

97.87 

93. 95 

93. 24 

122. 56 

73. 13 

93.80 

71.81 

89.82 

84.22 

93.88 

83.70 

92.39 

90.93 

102. 71 

111.30 

103. 73 

92.90 

109. 85 

101.08 

103. 27 

95.97 



100.60 
90.57 



52.6 
62.2 
49.2 
49.8 
51.9 
55.4 
16.3 
24.3 
20.0 
25.2 
43.6 
43.7 
33.0 
34.2 
32.2 
35.4 
35.5 
34.1 
41.5 
43.4 
64.7 
64.8 



47.4 
37.8 
50.8 
50.2 
48.1 
44.6 
83.7 
75.7 
79.4 
74.8 
56.4 
56.3 
67.0 
65.8 
67.8 
64.6 
64.5 
65.9 
58.5 
56.6 
35.3 
35.2 



40.1 
42.9 



59.9 
57.1 



28 



BULLETIN 410, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



CANNING ON THE FARM. 

Canning is an important means of preserving and storing fruits and 
vegetables on the farm for future use. The average number of quart 
cans "put up'' per family for the farms visited (Table XX) was 122 
of fruit and 32 of vegetables, making a total of 154 quart cans. The 
most camiing was done in the New Jersey area, the average family 
here "putting up "172 quarts of fruit and 58 quarts of vegetables, or a 
total of 230 quart cans. 

Not many vegetables are canned on the farm. The most common 
vegetable used for this purpose is the tomato. Canned peas and corn 
used on the farm table arc usually bought. This is probably duo to 
the fact that efficient canning methods for handling vegetables are not 
known to many housekeepers. 

The most common fruits used for home canning are peaches and 
berries. Many farmers buy peaches for canning purposes, but 
peaches are not generally bought for immediate use unless the price 
happens to bo unusually low. An increase in the variety and quan- 
tity of home-growai fruit would greatly increase the consumption of 
fresh fruit on the farm and encourage canning for winter consumption. 

A knowledge of better methods of canning, insuring better keeping 
qualities and greater ease of performing the work, would no doubt 
increase camiing on the farm to good advantage, particularly in the 
case of vegetables. Housekeepers generally realize that it is cheaper 
to can home-grown products than it is to buy them and also insures 
better quality, but with the old method the many hours of extra labor 
before a hot stove is a big discouraging factor. 

Table XX. — Average number of quart cans "put up " on the farm. 





Fruit. 


Vegetables. 


Total. 


County and State. 


Per 
family. 


Per 
person. 


Per Per 
family. person. 


Per 
family. 


Per 
person. 




172 
62 
105 
149 


37 
14 
17 
30 


58 12 
21 5 
28 5 
20 4 


230 
83 
133 
169 


49 




19 


Cass N I)ak 


22 




34 






Average all families 


122 


24 


32 


6 


154 


31 







STORAGE OF FOOD ON THE FARM. 

The farm is not only a source of food products, but it also serves 
as an ample place of storage. It is not possible to have fresh vege- 
tables and fruits on hand every day, as it is eggs and milk. In order, 
then, to have vegetables and fruits from the farm at times other than 
the short period durmg which they are in season, some means of 
storage is necessary. Cellars, caves, pits, and basements in bams 



VALUE OF FOOD, FUEL, AND USE OF HOUSE. 29 

serve as storage places for vegetables and fruits. Probably as much 
as 30 per cent of the vegetables furnished by the farm are stored for 
later use" by the farm family, and potatoes, the most important 
vegetable, are stored for at least nine months of the year in sections 
other than the South. Apples may easily be. stored for six months. 

Sweet potatoes, cabbages, white beans, beets, and onions may be 
stored for some time without any special preparation. Some vege- 
tables and fruits are dried and kept in this form. Many families store 
their fruits and vegetables and find it unnecessary to buy at any time 
of the year. 

About 30 per cent of the meat consumed by the farmers is meat 
that is supplied by the farm and stored for a certain length of time. 
This is made possible by the several available methods of curing. 
The most common method of curing meat is smoking. A special 
room or building is needed for this process, but the fuel used is 
generally wood of little value. There seems to be a tendency to do 
less curing of meat on the farm, owing probably to ejfforts to eUmi- 
nate house labor. 

•A scheme for having a farm supply of fresh meat dm-ing the sum- 
mer months is practiced in certain communities. A "beef club" is 
organized among a dozen or more farmers who trade beef. A mem- 
ber will butcher a beef animal, and it will be distributed equally 
among the members. The other members will take turns in sup- 
plying an animal in other weeks. When a difference in quantity 
occurs between members it is equalized at a fair rate per pound. 
They may have a butcher who gets the hide and tallow for his work. 
By this system the farmers can have fresh beef dm'ing the summer 

at farm prices. 

FUEL. 

The farm serves as an important source of fuel for the average 
farm family. Fifty-four per cent (Table XXI) of the fuel used by 
the families visited was supplied by the farm. The average value 
of the fuel used per family was S55.14. This, however, does not 
include kerosene used by occasional families for cooking during the 
summer. 

The average consumption of coal was 2.6 tons per family. In 
the North Dakota area the average family used 3.7 tons of hard coal 
and 3.1 tons of soft coal. In addition to the wood and coal used, 
as indicated in Table XXI, the average family in the Kansas area 
used 12 loads of corncobs, and in the Iowa area 7.8 loads. 



30 



BULLETIN 410, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



Table XXI. — Average annual consumption of fuel and oil per family; percentage of fuel 
bought and furnished by farm {950 families). 





Coal. 


Wood. 


Total fuel. 


Oil. 


Location of regions in which 
study was made (county 
and State). 


Tons. 


Value. 


Cords. 


Value. 


Value. 


Bought. 


Fur- 
nished 

by 
farm. 


Gal- 
lons. 


Value. 


Oxford Me . 


0.9 

.1 

2.5 

4.9 

4.7 


$6.39 
1.01 
16.00 
26.90 
30.69 


13.5 
14.3 
12.3 
6.2 
5.6 
14.0 
17.8 
6.1 
12.0 
7.5 
4.8 
4.9 
5.6 
7.4 


$46.40 
65.40 
54.80 
19.00 
20.91 
43.58 
51. 60 
19.30 
32.50 
38.80 
22.40 
12.20 
38.75 
42.58 


$52.79 
66.41 
70.80 
45.90 
51.60 
43. 58 
51.60 
36.65 
56.20 
59. 50 
159.77 
2 31.00 
100.75 
45.42 


Per ct. 

74 
4 
24 
61 
70 
4 

89' 

46 
40 
49 
42 
83 
56 


Per ct. 
26 
96 
76 
39 
30 
96 
100 
11 
54 
60 
51 
58 
17 
44 


63.0 
39.0 
56.6 
63.0 
92.0 
22.0 
34.5 
55.4 
50.0 
46.7 
56.0 
81.4 
61.3 
53.0 


$7.56 


Lamoille ,Vt 


4.61 


Otsego N. Y 


5.79 


Bucks, Pa 


6.37 




9.20 


Gaston N. C 


3.10 


Troup, Ga. 






5.18 


McLennan , Tex 


2.0 
5.7 
3.0 
3.9 
1.4 
3 6.8 
.3 


17.35 
23.70 
20.70 
29.57 
12.70 
62.00 
2.84 


7.58 


Champaign , Ohio 


4.88 


Jefferson , Wis 


5.78 


Montgomery', Iowa 


6.92 


Cloud , Kans 


7.21 


Cass, N. Dak 


7.97 


Santa Clara, Cal 


6.36 






Average, all families... 


2.6 


17.85 


9.4 


36.30 


55. 14 


46 


54 


55.3 


6.33 



1 Includes S7.80 worth of cobs. 
• Includes $6.10 worth of cobs. 
33.7 tons hard coal and 3.1 tons soft coal. 

The consumption of wood per family and per person is shown 
in Table XXII. The average quantity of wood used per family is 
9.4 cords. The farm supphed, on an average, 8.2 cords and 1.2 
cords were bought. The farm thus furnishes 87 per cent of the 
wood used for the families visited. The farm wood lot, the orchard, 
and scattered trees on the farm furnish the wood for the wood stove. 

Table XXII. — Annual consumption of wood per family and per person {950 families). 





Consumption per 


family. 


Con- 


Location of regions in which studv was made (county and 
State). 


Total. 


Bought. 


Fur- 
nished by 
farm. 


sumption 

per 
person. 


Oxford Me 


Cords. 

13.5 

14.3 

12.3 

6.2 

5.6 

H.O 

17.8 

f..l 

12.0 

7.5 

4.8 

4.9 

5.6 

7.4 


Cords. 

0.9 
.4 
.2 
.4 

1.4 
.6 


Cnrcls. 

12.6 

13.9 

12.1 

5.8 

4.2 

13.4 

17.8 

1.3 

11.3 

6.9 

4.8 

4.8 

2.5 

3.5 


Cords. 
3.0 




3.0 


Otsego, N. Y 


3.1 


Bucks Pa 


L2 




L2 




3.1 


Troup Ga 


3.3 




4.8 
.7 
.6 


1.1 




2.9 




1.1 




L7 


Cloud, Kans 


.1 
3.1 
3.9 


LI 


Cass, N. Dak 


.9 


Santa Clara, Cal 


L5 








9.4 


1.2 


8.2 


2.0 







VALUE OF FOOD, FUEL, AND USE OF HOUSE. 31 

Kerosene oil is used both for lighting and cooking. Some gasoline 
was used for cooking but very little for lighting purposes. Of the 127 
famihes visited in New Jersey, 78 used kerosene or gasoline stoves for- 
cooking, 9 used acetylene gas and 4 electricity for lighting. In the 
Maine area 42 of the 148 families visited used kerosene stoves for 
cooking and kerosene was used exclusively for lighting. In North 
Dakota 54 of the 109 families used kerosene or gasoline for cooking, 
and for Ughting 2 used acetylene and 1 used electricity. In Cali- 
fornia, of the 84 famihes interviewed, 30 used kerosene or gasoline 
stoves for cooking, and for hghting 8 used electricity and 2 used 
acetylene gas. We can thus see that nearly half of these farmers do 
some cooking with kerosene and gasoline, but that practically all of 
them use kerosene lami)s for lighting. 

USE OF HOUSE ON THE FARM. 

The business of most farms demands almost constant attention 
thi'oughout the year and it is therefore to the advantage of the farmer 
to make his home on the farm. A house is thus a necessary improve- 
ment on a farm, and is often an important part of its real estate value. 
Investigations made by the United States Department of Agricultm^e 
indicate that in the eastern part of the United States the value of 
the house is commonly 20 per cent or more of the value of the farm. 
On the higher-priced corn-belt farms this percentage is more generally 
from 5 to 10 per cent. Improvements to the house tend to enhance 
the value of the farm. The interest on the investment in the house 
and the cost of maintenance of it are paid for by the farm business, 
and are not personal expenses to the farmer. He may be said to 
have his house rent furnished free by the farm. 

An attempt is made to arrive at a value of what the use of the house 
is worth to the farmer. The value of the house seems the only basis 
upon which the rental value can be determined. 

Table XXIII shows the average value of the farmhouse and its 
rental value for the sections studied. The present value is the 
farmer's estimate of what his house is worth to-day. The average 
value of the farmhouses for the 825 farmers giving estimates was 
$1,322. This value, however, varies from $560 in the North Carolina 
area to $1,880 in the New York area. 

The rental value of the house is taken as 10 per cent of its present 
value. This is assumed to be a fair charge for interest, depreciation, 
insurance, repairs, and taxes. The average annual rental value of the 
houses for these farms is thus $132. 



32 BULLETIN 410, U. S. DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE. 

Table XXIII. — Average total value and annual rental value of farm divellings. 



County and State. 



Number 


Average 


Average 


of farm 


size of 


value of 


houses. 


family. 


house. 


146 


4.5 


$1,112 


31 


4.7 


930 


28 


4.0 


1,880 


22 


4.9 


1,632 


126 


4.7 


1,600 


51 


4.5 


560 


40 


5.4 


920 


42 


5.3 


834 


34 


4.1 


1,724 


40 


4.2 


1,297 


37 


4.2 


1,580 


3B 


4.7 


1,160 


109 


r,.2 


1,754 


83 


4.9 


1,528 


825 


4.7 


1,322 



Average 
rental 

value of 
house. 



Oxford, Me 

Lamoille, Vt 

Otsego, N.Y 

Bucks, Ta , 

Gloucester, N. J 

Gaston, N. C 

Troup, Ga 

McLemian, Tex 

Champaign, Ohio 

Jefferson, Wis 

Montgomery, Iowa 

Cloud. Kan's 

Cass, N. Dak 

Santa Clara, Cal , 

Average, all houses 



3111 
93 
188 
163 
160 
56 
92 
83 
172 
130 
158 
116 
175 
153 



THE SIZE OF THE HOUSE. 

Table XXIV points out some interesting facts. The tabulation 
has been made by size of houses expressed in number of rooms. It 
will be seen that in aU States the average size of family on farms 
having houses of from 8 to 9 rooms is markedly larger than on those 
having houses of 7 rooms or less. There is no consistent relationship 
between these two groups of families in the consumption of food or 
fuel per person. 

Famihes hving in 8 and 9 room houses and those Uving in 10-room 
houses show different relationships. Here the size of family is 
practically constant, showing that the large houses are not needed 
for the accommodation of more people. The quantity of food con- 
sumed per person on these farms increases directly with the size of 
house, and there is a tendency, though not very marked, for the 
greater consumption of fuel in the larger houses. 

These facts would indicate that farmers livmg in the largest houses, 
and who also are the highest consumers of food and fuel, have better 
farm incomes and probably hve on the farms of most efficient size. 

Studies conducted by the United States Department of Agriculture 
indicate that on the farm the amount of money mvested in the house 
is in direct proportion to the income up to a certain point. 



VALUE OF FOOD, FUEL, AND USE OF HOUSE. 



83 



Table XXIV. — Relation of size of house to size of farm, size of family , food consumpiion 
per person, and value of house. 



County and State. 



Gloucester, N. J. 



Oxford, Me . 



Cass, N. Dak. 



Santa Clara, Cal. 



Size of house 
(rooms). 



7 and less . . 

8 and 9 

10 and over 

7 and less . . 

8 and 9 

10 and over 

7 and less.. 

8 and 9 

10 and over 
5 and less . . 

s6aad7 

[Sand over. 



Number 


Average 
size of 


Persons 


Consump- 
tion of^ 


of farms. 


farm 

(acres). 


family. 


food per 

perscn. 


32 


38 


3.7 


$152. 52 


48 


67 


4.0 


118.41 


46 


92 


0.4 


120. 83 


50 


84 


3.9 


88.28 


48 


109 


4.8 


92.30 


48 


148 


4.7 


102.80 


56 


333 


5.5 


103.51 


27 


458 


6.9 


101.70 


26 


706 


6.9 


118.70 


25 


48 


4.1 


91.24 


33 


39 


5.3 


98.40 


25 


52 


5.4 


113.71 



Average 
value of 
house. 



1,691 
2,237 

642 
1,091 
1,024 

998 
2,240 
2,900 

738 
l,ol6 
2,335 



HOUSEHOLD LABOR. 

The subject of household labor is included in tliis study, as it has 
an important bearing on the business operations of the farm. Con- 
ditions are generally such that the hired help have to board with 
the farm family. The housewife often cares for the family garden, 
does the laundry work for the household, and at times chums the 
butter. In doing so, she is contributing to the success of the fanii, 
and is performing productive labor for that farm. 

On the farms studied in this inquiry comparatively little help was 
hired for doing housework, most of the work being done by the 
farmer's wife and other members of the family. More than three- 
fom'ths of the families visited did not hire any labor for housework. 
Table XXV shows the average value of the house labor per family 
and per person for each section and the proportion of this hired. It 
will be noticed that on an average 5 per cent of the labor was hired, 
this per cent varying from 1 to 15. 

The average value of the house labor for aU families visited was 
$228 per family and $49 per person. This value was determined by 
securing the wife's estimate of what she would have to pay a house- 
keeper to do the work for her. These estimates were based on the 
prevailing wages of domestic help in each region. 

One of the serious difficulties confronting the farmer's wife is the 
labor problem. Domestic help is hard to get and often inefficient 
when secured. Along with this problem goes that of boardmg the 
hired man. The average hired man demands more meat and a 
greater variety of diet than the wife would go to the trouble of pre- 
paring as a regular thing if the family alone were to be served. A 
tenant house on the large farm, permitting the hiring of married help, 
would tend to solve the house labor problem. 



34 



BULLETIN 410^ U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGFICULTURE. 



Table XXV. — Value of household labor per family and per person; percentage of labor 

hired {950 families). 



Countv and State. 



Value of labor. 



Per 
family. 



Per 
person. 



Percent- 



of labor 
hired. 



Oxford, Me 

Lamoille, Vt 

Otsego, N. Y 

Bucks, Pa 

Gloucester, N. J 

Gaston, N. C 

Troup, Ga 

McLennan, Tex 

Champaignj Ohio 

Jefferson, W is 

Montgomery, Iowa 

Cloud, Kans 

Cass, N . Dak 

Santa Clara, Cal 

Average, all familie 



S238 
182 
221 
214 
294 
152 
138 
217 
197 
177 
270 
261 
334 
293 



228 



S53 
38 
56 
41 
63 
34 
25 
41 
49 
54 
64 
58 
54 
60 



49 



VALUE OF BOARD ON THE FARM. 

A general indication of the value of board on the farm may be 
gained from the data given on the previous pages, showing also what 
proportion of this cost may be credited to the farm and what propor- 
tion is paid out in cash. This should be of help in determining the 
real wages of hired help boarded on the farm when given a definite 
cash wage and board. 

The main items entering into this cost are food, fuel, and house- 
hold labor. All food consumed must be charged to board. Some of 
the fuel is used for general heating purposes; therefore, total fuel cost 
can not justly be included in board charges. Probably two-fifths of 
the fuel consumed may be said to bo used for the preparation of meals 
or kitchen stove purposes. Household labor is included as a factor 
in the cost of meals because it plays a very vital part in the prepara- 
tion of meals and is too generally unappreciated when the matter of 
boarding hired help is being considered. Two-thirds of the value of 
household labor seems to be a fair proportion to charge to the cost of 
board. 

Table XXVI shows the cost of food, fuel, and house labor per 
person chargeable to the cost of board. It will bo noticed that food 
constitutes nearly three-fourths of the cost of board, labor nearly 
one-fourth, and fuel about 3 per cent. The total cost of board per 
person varies from $9 to $13 per month. The variation in the cost 
of board, of course is dependent largely on the cost of the food 
consumed. 



VALUE OF FOOD, FUEL, AND USE OF HOUSE. 



35 



Table XXYI.— Average annual value of food, fuel, and household labor per person 
chargeable to the cost of board on the farm (950 families). 



Location of regions in which study was 
made (county and State). 



Average value per person. 



Food. 



Fuel. 



House 
labor. 



Total cost of board 
per person. 



Annual. 



Monthly. 



Percent- 
age paid 
out in 
cash. 



Oxford, Me 

Lamoille, Vt 

Otsego, N. Y 

Bucl^-s, Pa 

Gloucester, N. J 

Craston,N.C 

Troup, Ga 

McLennan, Tex 

Champaign, Ohio 

Jefferson , Wis 

Montgomery, Iowa 

Cloud, Kans 

Cass, N. Dak 

Santa Clara, Cal 

Average, all families 



$95 

75 

94 

75 

120 

89 

89 

92 

91 

80 

106 

100 

107 

102 



S132 
104 
135 
104 
162 
113 
108 
120 
125 
117 
150 
138 
145 
142 



Sll. 00 
8.67 
11.25 
8.67 
13.50 
9.41 
9.00 
10.00 
10.42 
9.75 
12.50 
11.50 
12.08 
11.83 



30 



129 



10.68 



39 
34 
35 
35 
40 
15 
19 
36 
25 
28 
24 
26 
34 
49 



A very interesting fact brought out in Table XXVT is the propor- 
tion of the cost of board actually paid out in cash. This percentage 
varies from 15 to 49. The proportion is about one-third in the eastern 
sections studied, about one-fourth in the corn-belt States areas, and 
still less in the southern areas. This amount paid out is the fact which 
most vitally interests the farmer. 

Interesting facts are brought out in this connection relative to total 
hired help boarded. For example, in New Jersey hired help averaged 
0.6 person per family; in Maine, 0.4; in North Dakota, 1.1; and in 
California 0.3. In other words, in New Jersey the average family 
boarded 1 man for 7 months; in Maine, 1 man for 5 months; in North 
Dakota, 1 man for 1.3 months: and in Cahfomia 1 man for 4 months. 



PUBLICATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICUL- 
TURE RELATING TO FARM AND HOUSEHOLD ECONOMY. 

AVAILABLE FOR FREE DISTRIBUTION BY THE DEPARTMENT. 

Principles of Nutrition and Nutritive Value of Food. (Farmers" Bulletin 142.) 

Home Fruit Garden. (Farmers' Bulletin 154.) 

Canned Fruits, Preserves, and Jellies. (Farmers' Bulletin 203.) 

The Home Vegetable Garden. (Farmers' Bulletin 255.) 

Use of Fruit as Food. (Farmers' Bulletin 293.) 

Canning Vegetables in the Home. (Farmers' Bulletin 359.) 

Care of Food in the Home. (Farmers' Bulletin 375.) 

Economical Use of Meat in the Home. (Farmers' Bulletin 391.) 

Canning Peaches on the Farm. (Farmers' Bulletin 426.) 

How a City Family ^Managed a Farm. (Fanners' Bulletin 432.) 

A System of Tenant Farming and Its Results. (Farmers' Bulletin 437.) 

A Successful New York Farm. (Farmers' Bulletin 454.) 

Farm Bookkeeping. (Farmers' Bulletin 511.) 

Canning Tomatoes at Home and in Club Work. (Farmers' Bulletin 521.) 

Farm Butter Making. (Farmers' Bulletin 541.) 

A System of Farm Cost Accounting. (Farmers' Bulletin 572.) 

How to Use Farm Credit. (Farmers' Bulletin 593.) 

Wliat the Farm Contributes Du-ectly to the Farmer's Living. (Farmers' Bulletin 035.) 

A Method of Analyzing the Farm Business. (Farmers' Bulletin 661.) 

Measuring and Marketing Woodlot Products. (Farmers' Bulletin 715.) 

The Farmer's Income. (Farmers' Bulletin 746.) 

An Example of Successful Farm Management in Southern New York. (Dei)artment 
Bulletin 32.) 

Farm Management Practice of Chester County, Pennsylvania. (Department Bul- 
letin 341.) 

^^^lat is Farm Management. (Bureau of Plant Industry Bulletin 259.) 

FOR SALE BY THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS, GOVERNMENT PRINTING 
OFFICE, WASHINGTON, D. C. 

Farm-Management Svirvey of Three Representative Areas in Indiana, Illinois, and 

Iowa. (Department Bulletin 41.) Price, 10 cents. 
Farm Experience With the Tractor. (Department Bulletin 174.) Price, 5 cents. 
Consumption of Mrewood in the Ignited States. (Forestry Circular 181.) Price, 

5 cents. 
36 



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